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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ISOLATION OF A CRYSTALLINE SELENIUM-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUND FROM PLANT MATERIAL (1940)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 62 (1940), S. 234-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01858a511
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fish guts as chemical reactors: a model of the alimentary canals of marine herbivorous fishes (1992)
    Springer
    Marine biology 113 (1992), S. 527-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The alimentary canals of marine herbivorous fishes are variously composed of a few basic structures strung together in series. We model the structures where digestive processes occur as chemical reactors following the model of Penry and Jumars: the stomach as a batch or continuous-flow stirred-tank (CSTR), the intestine as a plug-flow reactor (PFR), and the hindgut caecum as a CSTR. Other structures, where food is mechanically processed-gill rakers, pharyngeal mills, and muscular stomachs-are classified as gates. The optimality criterion for the model is the digestion of the most nutrient in the least amount of time. With the model we are able to predict gut configuration as a function of nutrient concentration and hypothesize that the guts of herbivorous fishes always have a PFR component and may or may not have a CSTR component. The Penry-Jumars model appears to provide a consistent theoretical framework for four main types of digestive mechanisms in marine herbivorous fishes and offers specific testable hypotheses on the feeding ecology and digestive physiology of four representative species of fish as well as other, still unstudied, herbivorous fishes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349695
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assimilation efficiency of a temperate-zone intertidal fish (Cebidichthys violaceus) fed diets of macroalgae (1982)
    Springer
    Marine biology 67 (1982), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied assimilation efficiencies of the temperate-zone intertidal fish Cebidichthys violaceus (Girard, 1854) fed in the laboratory on each of the following species of macroalgae: Spongomorpha coalita (Chlorophyta), Ulva lobata (Chlorophyta), Iridaea flaccida (Rhodophyta) and Porphyra perforata (Rhodophyta). Together, these 4 algae make up over 75% of the natural summer diet of C. violaceus. Assimilation efficiency was calculated by proximate organic analysis of food and feces; the amount of ash in food and feces was used as a standard. Depending on the algal species, the fish assimilated 43 to 81% of the protein, 21 to 44% of the lipid, 45 to 62% of the carbohydrate and 31 to 52% of all three classes of organic material combined. These data are the first results showing that a temperate-zone marine fish can assimilate macroalgal constituents. Protein, carbohydrate and total organic material were absorbed more efficiently from rhodophytes than from chlorophytes. Conversely, lipid was absorbed more efficiently from chlorophytes than from rhodophytes. These results are compared with previous work showing that C. violaceus in nature eats more chlorophytes than rhodophytes, but in laboratory preference tests prefers rhodophytes to chlorophytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397665
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food habits, gut morphology and pH, and assimilation efficiency of the zebraperch Hermosilla azurea, an herbivorous kyphosid fish of temperate marine waters (1998)
    Springer
    Marine biology 132 (1998), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult zebraperch, Hermosilla azurea, were found to be functional herbivores in that animal matter constituted 〈0.01% of the total dry weight of stomach contents of fish collected off Santa Catalina Island in southern California waters. The diet of these fish consisted mainly of red algae (88.2% by dry wt) and also small amounts of brown (7.8%) and green (4.0%) algae. The most important dietary item, the filamentous red algae Polysiphonia spp., was found in 〉78% of the stomachs and comprised 〉60% of the contents by dry weight. The digestive tract was long, on average 4.0 times the standard length of the fish, and was composed of the stomach, pyloric caeca, intestine, hindgut chamber with a blind caecum, and rectum. The mean pH of the cardiac stomach was acidic (3.9), whereas that of the intestine was nearly neutral (6.9) and that of the hindgut and blind caecum slightly acidic (6.3 and 6.6, respectively). Algal foods are apparently digested by acid lysis in the stomach and by microbial fermentation in the hindgut. Zebraperch assimilated nutritional constituents from six species of algae with varying degrees of efficiency: carbon (73.7 to 89.7%), nitrogen (72.4 to 84.5%), and protein (71.9 to 94.9%). The fish assimilated these constituents as efficiently or more efficiently from three species of nondietary brown algae as from three species of dietary red and green algae. These results show that zebraperch, like their tropical and subtropical relatives (members of the genus Kyphosus), can digest a wide variety of algae including brown algae containing defensive secondary compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050417
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutritional quality of macrophytes eaten and not eaten by two temperatezone herbivorous fishes: A multivariate comparison (1991)
    Springer
    Marine biology 108 (1991), S. 471-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mean annual chemical compositions (ash, lipid, carbohydrate, protein, nitrogen and carbon) of 23 species of macrophytes (22 seaweeds and 1 seagrass) from a rocky intertidal habitat on the central California coast were determined from December 1981 through December 1982. These data were used to test the hypothesis that the 13 red and green seaweeds eaten by the two principal herbivorous fishes (Cebidichthys violaceus andXiphister mucosus) at the site are higher in nutritional quality than the 9 red and brown seaweeds and the seagrass not consumed by these fishes. A MANOVA using the ash, lipid, carbohydrate and nitrogen data showed that the centroids of the dietary and nondietary species groups were significantly different. In a two-group discriminant analysis that followed, only two species were misclassified as members of the opposite group. Multigroup discriminant analysis of the 23 macrophytes resulted in some overlap among dietary and nondietary species. Species were discriminated on the first canonical axis by ash content and on the second and third axes by lipid and carbohydrate contents. Nitrogen contributed little to the overall discrimination of species in the analysis. The nondietary red algaCorallina vancouveriensis, with its high ash content and therefore relatively low nutritional quality, was clearly separated from all other species in the analysis. Brown algae were of higher nutritional quality, but are not eaten by the two fishes, possibly because these seaweeds produce indigestible carbohydrates and secondary compounds. However, the exclusion from the diets of several red algal species that were virtually indistinguishable from the dietary red algae remains unexplained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01313657
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buoyancy function of the enlarged fluid-filled cranium in the deep-sea ophidiid fish Acanthonus armatus (1978)
    Springer
    Marine biology 46 (1978), S. 335-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acanthonus armatus Günther (family Ophidiidae) is a slightly negatively buoyant (mean weight in surface seawater =0.58% of air weight) benthopelagic fish without a swimbladder that has reduced tissues and components (muscle, bone, brain, gills, lipids) and a massive head. This species has an enlarged cranial cavity (10% of head volume) filled, except for the very small brain, with a low-density (specific gravity 1.008) fluid. The fluid provided static lift of about 0.30 g each for 4 specimens whose weights in water ranged from 1.0 to 2.6 g. Osmotic concentrations of the cranial fluid averaged 294 mOsm 1-1 in 4 specimens and , in 2 specimens for which comparisons were possible, were 43 to 45% lower than the concentrations of the plasma and perivisceral fluid. Similarly, Na+ and K+ concentrations of the cranial fluid were lower than those of the plasma or perivisceral fluid. A. armatus has highly reduced heavy tissues and an increased content of dilute fluid, with a localization of even more highly dilute fluid in the enlarged cranium which partially offsets the relatively dense tissues of the head. Information on the morphology, behavior and ecology of the fish supports the interpretation of the buoyancy and chemical data. The conclusion is consistent with the hypothesis that obtaining and conserving energy and reducing predation are the important selective factors affecting the evolution of deep-sea fishes and that these factors have greatly influenced the chemical composition of the fishes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391405
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary selectivity in the field and food preferences in the laboratory for two herbivorous fishes (Cebidichthys violaceus and Xiphister mucosus) from a temperate intertidal zone (1982)
    Springer
    Marine biology 67 (1982), S. 237-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diets and food selectivity of two stichaeid fishes (Cebidichthys violaceus and Xiphister mucosus) from the rocky intertidal zone of the central California coast (USA) were studied at each season of the year by gut content analysis and abundance measurements of potential macrophyte food items. Both fishes, after reaching a standard length of about 44 mm, were almost exclusively herbivorous. The bulk of the diet consisted of 8 to 10 species of chlorophytes and rhodophytes. These main dietary components were chiefly annual seaweeds with high surfaceto-weight ratios (sheetlike forms or small, highly branched forms). Perennial seaweeds were eaten in relatively large amounts only during the winter. Macrophytes eaten in only trace amounts included about 20 species of chlorophytes, chrysophytes, phaeophytes, rhodophytes and a spermatophyte. The small amount of animal material in the diet (never more than 2% by weight) could well have been ingested incidentally while the fishes were feeding on seaweeds. Food preference tests with up to 19 macrophyte species in the laboratory revealed that both fishes chose to eat three annual rhodophytes (Smithora naiadum, Porphyra perforata and Microcladia coulteri) in preference to Ulva lobata, an annual chlorophyte that was more abundant in the diets of field-caught specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397664
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A microsystem design process (1995)
    Springer
    Microsystem technologies 1 (1995), S. 68-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1858
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The design of microsystems is, because of the enormous variety of possible components and materials, and therefore of very high complexity within the whole system, a problem, that can only be solved with a continuous design concept [1] [2] [3]. The structure and the contents of such a concept must fit to a scope of application as wide as possible. On the one hand a strongly specialized form of a design concept, as in the microelectronics field, is not possible or useful here, on the other hand a much too generalized concept will bring problems in the practical application. The following contribution tries to show a possible solution for this very complex problem. In form of a design-flow-diagram there is given a step-by-step description of the various points, that are necessary for a microsystem design process. As a result, a complete concept, is shown that leads the designer from the customer's demands through the fictive microsystem to the pilot series.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01624465
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applications of ICP-MS in semiconductor industry (1999)
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 364 (1999), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Contamination in semiconductor industry is a very serious drawback during the production of integrated circuits. Connected with the ongoing miniaturization smaller and smaller amounts of metal contamination can effect the integrated circuits. Because of the outstanding detection limits ICP-MS is widely spread in semiconductor industry. The main applications are metal and semi-metal analysis in deionized water, chemicals and on the wafer surface. The challenges in semiconductor industry are the required detection limits, which are mainly limited by contamination during sample treatment and the background of the instruments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002160051355
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bidirectional, Transmembranal Protein Shifts in Hippocampal Neurons during Early Postischemic Reperfusion of the Gerbil Brain (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 723 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb36783.x
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