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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 1 (1953), S. 246-249 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 277 (1984), S. 37-46 
    ISSN: 0022-328X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 170 (1979), S. 21-37 
    ISSN: 0022-328X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 15 (1980), S. 2207-2220 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The hydrostatic extrusion behaviour of two grades of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is reported and an analysis of the mechanics of the extrusion process is presented. Although the maximum degree of deformation achieved is considerably lower than that obtained for crystalline polymers, the process mechanics are controlled by the same factors (i.e. the billet-die friction, and the effects of strain rate and pressure on the material flow stress). A method for equating the effects of pressure and friction is described, following the work of Tabor on the adhesive mechanism of friction in polymers. This method gives a friction coefficient in the range 0.1 to 0.2 for the hydrostatic extrusion of PMMA, compared to values in the region 0.03 to 0.08 for crystalline polymers, suggesting conditions of boundary lubrication. The relatively high values of friction for PMMA are consistent with the requirement for careful preparation of the billet surface prior to extrusion, and the observation of the ″stick-slip″ phenomenon during extrusion. The differences between the grades of PMMA in both extrusion behaviour and tensile drawing behaviour are explicable in terms of their different glass transition temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 16 (1981), S. 1511-1521 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the mechanics of the hydrostatic extrusion process for polymers is presented, in which the predicted extrusion pressure is considered to be influenced by the effects of strain, strain rate and pressure on the material flow stress, as well as by the billet—die friction. The extrusion behaviour of both crystalline and amorphous polymers is discussed with reference to experimental results for linear polyethylene, polyoxymethylene and polymethylmethacrylate. Particular attention is paid to the method of incorporating the flow behaviour of the polymer into the analysis. A modified form of the Eyring equation for an activated rate process is proposed, in which the effects of strain rate and pressure on the flow stress are assumed to be separable, but related to strain by the large strain dependence of the stress activation volume. Moreover, a direct equivalence between the pressure effect and the friction between the polymer and the die is proposed for hydrostatic extrusion, following previous work on the adhesive mechanism for friction in polymers. This results in a formally identical analysis for both crystalline and amorphous polymers, in which the strain rate sensitivity, pressure sensitivity and friction coefficients all increase markedly with material strain during the process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 16 (1981), S. 1511-1521 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of the mechanics of the hydrostatic extrusion process for polymers is presented, in which the predicted extrusion pressure is considered to be influenced by the effects of strain, strain rate and pressure on the material flow stress, as well as by the billet—die friction. The extrusion behaviour of both crystalline and amorphous polymers is discussed with reference to experimental results for linear polyethylene, polyoxymethylene and polymethylmethacrylate. Particular attention is paid to the method of incorporating the flow behaviour of the polymer into the analysis. A modified form of the Eyring equation for an activated rate process is proposed, in which the effects of strain rate and pressure on the flow stress are assumed to be separable, but related to strain by the large strain dependence of the stress activation volume. Moreover, a direct equivalence between the pressure effect and the friction between the polymer and the die is proposed for hydrostatic extrusion, following previous work on the adhesive mechanism for friction in polymers. This results in a formally identical analysis for both crystalline and amorphous polymers, in which the strain rate sensitivity, pressure sensitivity and friction coefficients all increase markedly with material strain during the process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 1 (1993), S. 119-121 
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: spectroscopy ; galactosaemia ; liver ; infant ; galactose 1-phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Sequential studies of the liver of an infant with galactosaemia were made by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS). A peak attributable to galactose 1-phosphate (gal 1-P) was seen in early liver spectra. This peak diminished during dietary therapy in the early months of life, corresponding to a falling level of gal 1-P in red blood cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 3 (1982), S. 138-145 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The increase in modulus obtained in a short-glass-fiber-reinforced polymer composite as a result of uniaxial deformation may be related to the observed increase in both fiber and matrix orientation. Quantitative measurements of both fiber and matrix orientation are presented for a series of samples of short-glass-fiber-reinforced polyoxymethylene copolymer, processed to various substantial deformation ratios by solid-phase hydrostatic extrusion. The polymer matrix becomes highly oriented at modest deformations, but the glass fibers orient in a slower pseudo-affine manner and dominate the development of modulus in the composite. A simple “law-of-mixtures” model is used to demonstrate that perfect uniaxial orientation of the fibers is not achieved, but a better fit to measured modulus data is obtained by using an “aggregate” model applied to oriented fibers in an oriented matrix. The development of modulus with deformation ratio may be predicted very well if it is assumed that:the composite consists of a series-coupled array of sub-units, each containing continuous and fully oriented fibers in a fully oriented matrix; andorientation of the sub-units develops with deformation in a pseudo-affine manner.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 1373-1379 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cold drawing has been used to produce oriented samples of various molecular weight grades of poly(methyl methacrylate), all of which exhibited marked strain hardening characteristics over a range of drawing temperatures. The differences between the yield and drawing behavior of the grades did not correlate with molecular weight but could instead be attributed to the plasticizing effect of additional free monomer, generated by degradation during melt processing of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 2879-2896 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A stable experimental die drawing process has been operated for poly(oxymethylene) over a range of temperature. Rods possessing room-temperature Young's moduli up to 23 GPa were produced using a homopolymer grade, the values obtained from a copolymer being somewhat lower. This compares favorably with the best modulus achieved by hydrostatic extrusion but is rather lower than that produced by conventional drawing; reasons for this are discussed. A stable die drawing process has also been operated for glass fiber-reinforced poly(oxymethylene), but extensive macroscopic void formation occurred in the products under all conditions, reducing their potential for practical application.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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