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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Wild ruminants ; Digestive system ; Morphophysiological adaptation ; Evolutionary trends ; Plant-herbivore interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A review is made of the ruminant digestive system in its morphophysiological variations and adaptations relating to foraging behaviour, digestive physiology, to interactions between plants and ruminants and to geographic and climatic diversity of ruminants' ecological niches. Evidence is provided for evolutionary trends from an extreme selectivity mainly for plant cell contents and dependence upon a fractionated fore- and hindgut fermentation, to an unselective intake of bulk roughage subjected to an efficient plant cell wall fermentation, mainly in the forestomachs. The review is based on detailed comparative morphological studies of all portions of the digestive system of 65 ruminant species from four continents. Their results are related to physiological evidence and to the classification of all extant ruminants into a flexible system of three overlapping morphophysiological feeding types: concentrate selectors (40%), grass and roughage eaters (25%) and intermediate, opportunistic, mixed feeders (35%). Several examples are discussed how ruminants of different feeding types are gaining ecological advantage and it is concluded that ruminants have achieved high levels of digestive efficiency at each evolutionary stage, (including well-documented seasonal adaptations of the digestive system) and that ruminant evolution is still going on. Deductions made from the few domesticated ruminant species may have, in the past, biased scientific evaluation of the free-ranging species' ecology. The main threat to a continuous ruminant evolution and diversity appears to be man's neglect for essential ecological interactions between wild ruminants and their specific habitats, which he alters or destroys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 39 (1993), S. 66-66 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 5 regions of the resorbing mucous-membrane of the rumen of 20 wild roe deer were investigated morphologically with a view to discovering the extent of dependence of villus development upon age, sex and time of year. Yearlings differ from older animals only slightly in having narrower villi. No important difference is apparent as between females and males. In contrast, animals in winter show significant differences from those in summer in the decrease in the surface growth in the Atrium ruminis and the dorsal and ventral sack as a result of the reduction in the number of villi: the reduction in the resorbing surface in the ventral wall, however, stems from the diminution in the breadth of villi. This shrinkage in the resorbing surface of the rumen is interpreted as the roe's mode of adapting to the harsher feeding conditions in winter. The results confirm physiological and ethological findings.
    Abstract: Résumé On a analysé, chez 20 chevreuils sauvages et en fonction de l'âge, du sexe et de la saison, le développement morphologique des villosités de cinq régions de la muqueuse stomacale. Les yearlings ne se distinguent des sujects plus âgés que par une largeur légèrement plus faible des villosités. Il n' y a pas de différence marquante entre les sexes. Des différences significatives apparaissent toutefois entre les «sujets d'hiver» et les «sujets d'été» à savoir, chez les premiers, une diminution du développement de surface dans l'Atrium ruminis et dans les appendices dorsaux et ventraux par une réduction du nombre des villosités; la réduction des surfaces de résorption dans la paroi ventrale est toutefois causée par la réduction de la largeur des villosités. Cette réduction des surfaces de résorption de la panse est interprétée comme une faculté d'adpatation du Chevreuil aux conditions alimentaires difficiles de l'hiver. Les résultats confirment des données physiologiques et éthologiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 20 wildlebenden Rehen wurde die resorbierende Schleimhautoberfläche des Pansens in 5 Regionen auf die Zottenentwicklung in Abhängigkeit vom Alter, Geschlecht und der Jahreszeit morphologisch untersucht. Jährlinge unterscheiden sich von älteren Tieren nur geringfügig in verringerter Zottenbreite. Zwischen weiblichen und männlichen Stücken ist kein bedeutsamer Unterschied festzustellen. Dagegen zeigen Wintertiere signifikante Differenzen gegenüber Sommertieren in der Abnahme der Oberflächenvergrößerung im Atrium ruminis und im dorsalen und ventralen Blindsack auf Grund der Verringerung der Zottenzahl; die Abnahme der resorbierenden Oberfläche in der Ventralwand jedoch ist verursacht durch die Verringerung der Zottenbreite. Diese Abnahme der Resorptionsfläche des Pansens wird interpretiert als Anpassungsleistung des Rehwildes an die erschwerten Ernährungsbedingungen im Winter. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen physiologische und ethologische Befunde.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 168 (1998), S. 257-264 
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Roe deer ; Salivary proteins ; Tannin-binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In ruminants, different functions have been ascribed to the different salivary glands according to the feeding type. In this context, possible adaptations of salivary functions were investigated regarding the secretion of various proteins by different types of salivary glands. To yield uncontaminated parotid saliva in large quantities, a non-surgical method has been developed. Parotid gland secretions were collected via endoscopic placement of guide wires into each parotid duct, which were subsequently used for placement of collection catheters. Salivary flow was stimulated by intra-glandular administration of the parasympathomimetic compound pilocarpine-hydrochloride into the parotid gland. Mixed saliva (excluding parotid saliva) was collected into sterile tubes by normal outflow during the sampling of parotid saliva. The total flow volume, flow rate and the content of proteins as well as of several ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, inorganic phosphate) of both types of saliva were measured in sheep, fallow deer and roe deer. Roe deer secreted the highest amount of total salivary proteins relative to body mass [mg/kg body mass] and the highest relative volume [ml/10 min/kg body mass], both in parotid and mixed saliva, of all ruminant species examined. Additionally, the protein profile and the tannin-binding properties of parotid and mixed saliva in roe deer were investigated. Parotid saliva bound almost twice as much tannin as mixed saliva, underlining the importance of yielding uncontaminated parotid saliva for tannin-binding studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1989-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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