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  • 1
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    A method for the detection of shallow buried objects (2006)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Numerous geophysical techniques have successfully contributed to geotechnical engineering and environmental problems of the shallow subsurface. Geophysical surveys are used to: delineate geologic features, measure in-situ engineering properties, and detect hidden cultural features. Most technologies for the detection of shallow buried objects are electromagnetic methods which measure the contrast in ferrous content, electrical conductivity, or dielectric constant between the object and surrounding soil. Seismic technologies measure the contrast in mechanical properties of the subsurface, however, scaled down versions of conventional seismic methods are not suitable for the detection shallow buried objects. In this paper, we discuss the development of a method based on acoustic to seismic coupling for the detection of shallow buried object. Surface vibrations induced by an impinging acoustic wave from a loudspeaker is referred to as acoustic to seismic coupling. These vibrations can be remotely detected using a laser-Doppler vibrometer (LDV). If an object is present below the surface of the insonified patch, the transmitted wave is back scattered by the target towards the surface. For targets very close to the surface, the scattered field produces anomalous ground vibrational velocities that are indicative of the shape and size of the target.
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Acoustics ; seismic ; porous madia ; buried object ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 3616171 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural responses of the marine bivalve Macomona liliana exposed to copper- and chlordane-dosed sediments (1994)
    Springer
    Marine biology 118 (1994), S. 673-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sublethal behavioural responses including avoidance and burial rate were compared with 10 d acute morbidity and mortality in bioassays using juvenile Macomona liliana 1 to 3 mm long. The bivalves showed significant movement away from all copper-dosed sediments, with maximal movement after 96 h at 25 mg Cu kg (dry wt)-1. Increasing copper concentrations slowed the rate of burial, and above 15 mg Cu kg (dry wt)-1, most shellfish failed to bury after 90 min. After 10 d exposure, morbidity (defined as inability to rebury) occurred at 15 mg Cu kg (dry wt)-1 and mortality at 30 mg Cu kg (dry wt)-1. In avoidance trials, chlordane had a significant effect on overall movement from 20 μg kg (dry wt)-1, but increasing concentrations reduced movement away from dosed sediment. Chlordance appeared to have no effect on burial rate. Survival was affected by 10 d exposure to 400 μg chlordane kg (dry wt)-1, with increased morbidity and death. The relative sensitivities of the responses shown by M. liliana to copper were avoidance 〉 burial/morbidity 〉 mortality, with a 6-fold difference in the response threshold between avoidance and mortality. With chlordance, an avoidance response was detected at a concentration ∼20-fold lower than that causing morbidity. Behavioural responses of M. liliana have the potential to provide a sensitive bioassay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347515
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in the Freshwater Mussel Hyridella menziesi from the Waikato River, New Zealand (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 59 (1997), S. 106-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900451
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deformation parameters of permeable media (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 121 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Using the static form of a system of equations for seismic waves (de la Cruz & Spanos 1989), we show how various compressibilities can be calculated in a straightforward manner. The results obtained have many points of contact with those found in the literature. In particular, we verify all identities among drained compressibilities given in, e.g., Zimmerman (1991), thus providing an alternative route towards them. The undrained compressibility is described within the context of this work and its relation to the various drained compressibilities (Gassmann 1951) is verified. For greater experimental flexibility, we introduce a one-parameter family of compressibilities which includes the drained and the undrained compressibilities as members. The family of compressibilities is also used to obtain an expression for the pore-pressure build-up coefficient. In this work we also address the problem of macroscopic shearing. Experiments are proposed for the determination of the macroscopic shear modulus, leading to natural expressions for ‘Young's modulus’ and ‘Poisson's ratio’ for the porous medium under drained conditions. We also establish connections with Biot's (1956a) parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb05717.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical response of switching SmS in thin films prepared by reactive evaporation (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 62 (1987), S. 3912-3916 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We describe a simple technique for fabrication of samarium monosulfide films using reactive evaporation and unheated substrates, resulting in films which consist of highly ordered SmS grains in an amorphous dielectric matrix. Mechanical polishing of the films results in a semiconductor-metal transition in a fraction of the grains, with an associated large change in the optical response. The films are stable in the switched state, and may be locally annealed back to the semiconducting state using a laser, thus suggesting application in optical data storage. The optical properties in both states are successfully modeled using a Bruggeman effective medium theory and experimentally determined values of the input parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.339238
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity of ammonia to nine native New Zealand freshwater invertebrate species (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 26 (1994), S. 292-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The toxic concentration for un-ionized ammonia (NH3) was assessed for nine native New Zealand invertebrate species. The 96-h EC50 values at 15°C and pH 7.6 and pH 8.2 ranged from 0.18 to 〉0.8 g/m3 NH3. The rank of species sensitivity was: shrimp (Paratya curvirostris) (least) ≈ mayfly (Zephlebia dentata) ≈ stonefly (Zealandobius furcillatus) 〈 Oligochaeta (Lumbriculus variegatus) 〈 fingernail clam (Sphaerium novaezelandiae) 〈 mayfly (Deleatidium spp.) 〈 a snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) 〈 caddis (Pycnocentria evecta) 〈 crustacean (Paracalliope fluviatilis) (most). Surprisingly, the more sensitive species were those which would normally be associated with lowland streams (the snail and crustacean) rather than the normally accepted “sensitive” species (mayflies and stoneflies). Temperature had no significant effect on the acute toxicity of un-ionized ammonia with snails tested at 15, 20, and 25°C. The invertebrates were more sensitive than the native fish species tested (inanga, EC50 1.60 g/m3 NH3; Richardson 1991). A final acute value (FAV) calculated for these species was 0.15 g/m3 NH3. This compares with the FAV value of 0.52 g/m3 NH3 derived by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as the basis for the ammonia criterion for salmonid containing waters. Thus EPA criteria may not provide adequate protection for New Zealand species. These data suggest that chronic studies would be particularly desirable on native New Zealand species to better determine their sensitivity to long term ammonia exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203554
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of organic contaminants in two sediment-dwelling shellfish with contrasting feeding modes: Deposit- (Macomona liliana) and filter-feeding (Austrovenus stutchburyi) (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 29 (1995), S. 221-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bioaccumulation of four classes of contaminants (organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and chlorophenols) was determined in two sediment-dwelling bivalves, the tellinid Macomona liliana and the venerid Austrovenus stutchburyi at five stations along a contaminant gradient in Manukau Harbour, New Zealand. The species were chosen because they provide contrasting exposure pathways for contaminant uptake: A. stutchburyi is a filter-feeder and M. liliana is a deposit-feeder. They are also important components of the estuarine ecosystem, and A. stutchburyi are used for food. Both shellfish showed marked gradients of contaminant concentrations from the inner-harbour to the entrance. Concentrations of contaminants were similar in the two species, with generally slightly higher PCB and PAH levels in M. liliana. On a dry tissue weight basis, the PAHs were the major contaminant class, with the highest concentration measured (203 ng/g DW). Mean bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were similar for the two species, with mean values in the range 20–30 for most contaminants with the exception of PAHs, which were less than 1. Mean accumulation factor (AF) values, the lipid normalized concentration in organisms divided by the organic carbon normalized sediment concentration, were mostly in the range 1–4, except for PAHs, which were 0.002 and 0.14. M. liliana showed significantly higher accumulation ratios than A. stutchburyi. The abundance and condition of M. liliana was reduced at the more contaminated sites. These results suggest that M. liliana are sensitive indicators of contaminant stress and may be usefully incorporated into chemical contaminant and biological effects monitoring programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212973
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia to the Freshwater Bivalve Sphaerium novaezelandiae (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 36 (1999), S. 38-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The chronic toxicity of total ammonium and unionized ammonia (NH3) to the native New Zealand freshwater fingernail clam Sphaerium novaezelandiae was assessed in soft water under laboratory conditions. Control survival after 60 days was high (93%) and concentration-response relationships showed the sensitivity of S. novaezelandiae survival was markedly greater to both total and unionized ammonia (6.4× and 4.6×) after 60 days compared with the 30-day exposure at 20°C. Chronic mortality and number moribund (inability to rebury) showed similar sensitivities, but reproduction was a more sensitive endpoint based on a concentration-response analysis. The survival LC50 values for total and unionized ammonia were 3.8 mg (N)/L (pH 7.5) and 0.037 mg (NH3-N)/L, and reproductive values 0.80 mg (N)/L (pH 7.5) and 0.013 mg (NH3-N)/L at 60 days. No observed effect concentration (NOEC) values for both survival and reproduction were 0.97 mg (N)/L and 0.011 mg (NH3-N)/L, and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) values were 5.4 mg (N)/L and 0.046 mg (NH3-N)/L for survival after 60 days, giving a calculated threshold effect concentration (TEC) of 2.3 mg (N)/L and 0.022 mg (NH3-N)/L. Comparison of the S. novaezelandiae chronic ammonia sensitivity data with the US EPA criteria showed the survival and reproduction TEC values for total ammonia were 1.9× higher than the chronic criterion, and the lethality value 1.4× above the unionized ammonia criterion. The findings suggest that use of the US EPA criteria would provide minimal protection for S. novaezelandiae for chronic ammonia exposure, and that development of site-specific criteria, covering a wide range of environmental conditions, may be required to adequately protect all life stages of this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900440
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia to New Zealand Freshwater Invertebrates: A Mesocosm Study (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 37 (1999), S. 338-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Freshwater macroinvertebrate communities were established within 12 artificial streams or “toroidal” mesocosms and exposed to three replicated concentrations of ammonia for 29 days at constant temperature (16°C) and pH (median 8.4). The criterion units (CU = measured [ammonia]/US EPA 1985 chronic criterion value) of total ammonia in the LOW, MED, and HIGH treatments were 2.0, 4.8, and 13 CUs respectively, and 1.9, 5.8, and 12 CUs for the unionized ammonia. Macroinvertebrates were tolerant of the ammonia exposures with no significant (p 〉 0.1) effect on taxa richness; number of taxa in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT); or the quantitative macroinvertebrate community index (QMCI), a biotic index proposed for assessing effects of organic enrichment in New Zealand streams. Significant differences (p 〈 0.05) occurred for the mean abundance and the numbers of EPT individuals (QEPT), with the HIGH treatment significantly lower (−41%) than the control for both abundance and QEPT. Of the major species, only the mayflies Deleatidium sp. (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) and Coloburiscus humeralis (Ephemeroptera: Oligoneuriidae) showed significant reductions in abundance, with only the caddisflies Beraeoptera roria (Trichoptera: Conoesucidae) and Confluens sp. (Trichoptera: Conoesucidae) showing significant increases in abundance. The abundance of juvenile Deleatidium sp. had a negative concentration-response relationship that resulted in an 82% decrease in abundance in the HIGH treatment. Drift of invertebrates showed no response to ammonia treatments. The 29-day EC50 values for Deleatidium sp. for total and unionized ammonia were 2.15 mg (N)/L (pH 8.4) and 0.145 mg (NH3-N)/L. No observed effect concentration (NOEC) values were 0.95 mg (N)/L and 0.066 mg (NH3-N)/L, and the threshold effect concentration (TEC) was 1.49 mg (N)/L and 0.102 mg (NH3-N)/L. Comparison of the Deleatidium sp. chronic ammonia sensitivity data with the US EPA 1985 chronic criterion value (CCC = 0.45 mg [N]/L, pH 8.4, 16°C) showed the TEC value for total ammonia was 3.3× CCC, and 2.2× higher than the updated US EPA 1998 criteria. The findings suggest that use of the US EPA criteria would provide minimal protection for Deleatidium for chronic ammonia exposure, and that development of site-specific criteria, covering a wide range of environmental conditions, may be required to adequately protect this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900523
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability of organic contaminants in inter-tidal sandflat sediments from Manukau Harbour, New Zealand (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 25 (1993), S. 456-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Surficial sediments from five stations on inter-tidal sandflats within Manukau Harbour, New Zealand were sampled using a systematic sampling design to give three representative bulked replicates per station. Particle size analysis showed the stations to be similar, with poorly sorted fine to medium sand and mud contents of 21–26%. Sediment readily oxidizable carbon contents were low (0.22–0.73%). These parameters showed similar variability (CVs of 11–50%), both within and between stations, confirming their visual similarity. Organochlorine insecticides, PCBs (23 congeners) and polynuclear hydrocarbons (PAHs, 10 fluorescent compounds) were extracted from the sediments and determined to detection limits of 0.02–0.05 ng/g. An extraction procedure using a ternary solvent system (acetone/hexane/water) gave equivalent results to a standard method but was more rapid, used less solvent, and gave lower blanks. Levels of chlorinated organics were low. Highest levels for all contaminants occurred at one station (total PCBs 1.6 ng/g, DDT + metabolites 18 ng/g, dieldrin 0.38 ng/g lindane 0.34 ng/g, cis- + trans-chlordane 0.38 ng/g, total PAHs 3,740 ng/g). PAH levels were substantially lower at other stations (40–90 ng/g). Differences for other contaminants were not great, although there was a significant gradient of chlordane concentration between the stations. Variability in concentrations of contaminants was large both within and between stations (CVs of 2–126%). Normalizing the concentrations to organic carbon did not markedly alter the above trends, but demonstrated significant chlordane and PCB gradients, and increased the variability within many of the stations. The results were interpreted as indicating multiple contaminant sources, with major contributions from the treated sewage outfall and a more heavily contaminated industrialised inlet at the head of the harbour. The contaminants were not strongly associated with any particular sediment characteristic, with only PCBs strongly correlated with carbon levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214334
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