ALBERT

Description: Black carbon (BC) contributes to Arctic warm- ing, yet sources of Arctic BC and their geographic con- tributions remain uncertain. We interpret a series of recent airborne (NETCARE 2015; PAMARCMiP 2009 and 2011 campaigns) and ground-based measurements (at Alert, Bar- row and Ny-Ålesund) from multiple methods (thermal, laser incandescence and light absorption) with the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model and its adjoint to attribute the sources of Arctic BC. This is the first comparison with a chemical transport model of refractory BC (rBC) measure- ments at Alert. The springtime airborne measurements per- formed by the NETCARE campaign in 2015 and the PA- MARCMiP campaigns in 2009 and 2011 offer BC vertical profiles extending to above 6 km across the Arctic and in- clude profiles above Arctic ground monitoring stations. Our simulations with the addition of seasonally varying domes- tic heating and of gas flaring emissions are consistent with ground-based measurements of BC concentrations at Alert and Barrow in winter and spring (rRMSE 〈 13 %) and with airborne measurements of the BC vertical profile across the Arctic (rRMSE = 17 %) except for an underestimation in the middle troposphere (500–700 hPa). Sensitivity simulations suggest that anthropogenic emis- sions in eastern and southern Asia have the largest effect on the Arctic BC column burden both in spring (56 %) and annu ally (37 %), with the largest contribution in the middle tropo- sphere (400–700 hPa). Anthropogenic emissions from north- ern Asia contribute considerable BC (27% in spring and 43 % annually) to the lower troposphere (below 900 hPa). Biomass burning contributes 20 % to the Arctic BC column annually. At the Arctic surface, anthropogenic emissions from northern Asia (40–45 %) and eastern and southern Asia (20– 40 %) are the largest BC contributors in winter and spring, followed by Europe (16–36 %). Biomass burning from North America is the most important contributor to all stations in summer, especially at Barrow. Our adjoint simulations indicate pronounced spatial het- erogeneity in the contribution of emissions to the Arctic BC column concentrations, with noteworthy contributions from emissions in eastern China (15 %) and western Siberia (6.5 %). Although uncertain, gas flaring emissions from oil- fields in western Siberia could have a striking impact (13 %) on Arctic BC loadings in January, comparable to the total influence of continental Europe and North America (6.5 % each in January). Emissions from as far as the Indo-Gangetic Plain could have a substantial influence (6.3 % annually) on Arctic BC as well.

Description: We assess the impact of transport of pollution from midlatitudes on the abundance of ozone in the Arctic in summer 2006 using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model and its adjoint. We find that although the impact of midlatitude emissions on ozone abundances in the Arctic is at a maximum in fall and winter, in July transport from North America, Asia, and Europe together contributed about 25% of surface ozone abundances in the Arctic. Throughout the summer, the dominant source of ozone in the Arctic troposphere was photochemical production within the Arctic, which accounted for more than 50% of the ozone in the Arctic boundary layer and as much as 30%–40% of the ozone in the middle troposphere. An adjoint sensitivity analysis of the impact of NOx emissions on ozone at Alert shows that on synoptic time scales in both the lower and middle troposphere, ozone abundances are more sensitive to emissions between 50°N and 70°N, with important influences from anthropogenic, biomass burning, soil, and lightning sources. Although local surface NOx emissions contribute to ozone formation, transport of NOx in the form of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) from outside the Arctic and from the upper troposphere also contributed to ozone production in the lower troposphere. We find that in late May and June the release of NOx from PAN decomposition accounted for 93% and 55% of ozone production at the Arctic surface, respectively.

Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Stevens, B., Bony, S., Farrell, D., Ament, F., Blyth, A., Fairall, C., Karstensen, J., Quinn, P. K., Speich, S., Acquistapace, C., Aemisegger, F., Albright, A. L., Bellenger, H., Bodenschatz, E., Caesar, K.-A., Chewitt-Lucas, R., de Boer, G., Delanoë, J., Denby, L., Ewald, F., Fildier, B., Forde, M., George, G., Gross, S., Hagen, M., Hausold, A., Heywood, K. J., Hirsch, L., Jacob, M., Jansen, F., Kinne, S., Klocke, D., Kölling, T., Konow, H., Lothon, M., Mohr, W., Naumann, A. K., Nuijens, L., Olivier, L., Pincus, R., Pöhlker, M., Reverdin, G., Roberts, G., Schnitt, S., Schulz, H., Siebesma, A. P., Stephan, C. C., Sullivan, P., Touzé-Peiffer, L., Vial, J., Vogel, R., Zuidema, P., Alexander, N., Alves, L., Arixi, S., Asmath, H., Bagheri, G., Baier, K., Bailey, A., Baranowski, D., Baron, A., Barrau, S., Barrett, P. A., Batier, F., Behrendt, A., Bendinger, A., Beucher, F., Bigorre, S., Blades, E., Blossey, P., Bock, O., Böing, S., Bosser, P., Bourras, D., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Bower, K., Branellec, P., Branger, H., Brennek, M., Brewer, A., Brilouet , P.-E., Brügmann, B., Buehler, S. A., Burke, E., Burton, R., Calmer, R., Canonici, J.-C., Carton, X., Cato Jr., G., Charles, J. A., Chazette, P., Chen, Y., Chilinski, M. T., Choularton, T., Chuang, P., Clarke, S., Coe, H., Cornet, C., Coutris, P., Couvreux, F., Crewell, S., Cronin, T., Cui, Z., Cuypers, Y., Daley, A., Damerell, G. M., Dauhut, T., Deneke, H., Desbios, J.-P., Dörner, S., Donner, S., Douet, V., Drushka, K., Dütsch, M., Ehrlich, A., Emanuel, K., Emmanouilidis, A., Etienne, J.-C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Faure, G., Feingold, G., Ferrero, L., Fix, A., Flamant, C., Flatau, P. J., Foltz, G. R., Forster, L., Furtuna, I., Gadian, A., Galewsky, J., Gallagher, M., Gallimore, P., Gaston, C., Gentemann, C., Geyskens, N., Giez, A., Gollop, J., Gouirand, I., Gourbeyre, C., de Graaf, D., de Groot, G. E., Grosz, R., Güttler, J., Gutleben, M., Hall, K., Harris, G., Helfer, K. C., Henze, D., Herbert, C., Holanda, B., Ibanez-Landeta, A., Intrieri, J., Iyer, S., Julien, F., Kalesse, H., Kazil, J., Kellman, A., Kidane, A. T., Kirchner, U., Klingebiel, M., Körner, M., Kremper, L. A., Kretzschmar, J., Krüger, O., Kumala, W., Kurz, A., L'Hégaret, P., Labaste, M., Lachlan-Cope, T., Laing, A., Landschützer, P., Lang, T., Lange, D., Lange, I., Laplace, C., Lavik, G., Laxenaire, R., Le Bihan, C., Leandro, M., Lefevre, N., Lena, M., Lenschow, D., Li, Q., Lloyd, G., Los, S., Losi, N., Lovell, O., Luneau, C., Makuch, P., Malinowski, S., Manta, G., Marinou, E., Marsden, N., Masson, S., Maury, N., Mayer, B., Mayers-Als, M., Mazel, C., McGeary, W., McWilliams, J. C., Mech, M., Mehlmann, M., Meroni, A. N., Mieslinger, T., Minikin, A., Minnett, P., Möller, G., Morfa Avalos, Y., Muller, C., Musat, I., Napoli, A., Neuberger, A., Noisel, C., Noone, D., Nordsiek, F., Nowak, J. L., Oswald, L., Parker, D. J., Peck, C., Person, R., Philippi, M., Plueddemann, A., Pöhlker, C., Pörtge, V., Pöschl, U., Pologne, L., Posyniak, M., Prange, M., Quiñones Meléndez, E., Radtke, J., Ramage, K., Reimann, J., Renault, L., Reus, K., Reyes, A., Ribbe, J., Ringel, M., Ritschel, M., Rocha, C. B., Rochetin, N., Röttenbacher, J., Rollo, C., Royer, H., Sadoulet, P., Saffin, L., Sandiford, S., Sandu, I., Schäfer, M., Schemann, V., Schirmacher, I., Schlenczek, O., Schmidt, J., Schröder, M., Schwarzenboeck, A., Sealy, A., Senff, C. J., Serikov, I., Shohan, S., Siddle, E., Smirnov, A., Späth, F., Spooner, B., Stolla, M. K., Szkółka, W., de Szoeke, S. P., Tarot, S., Tetoni, E., Thompson, E., Thomson, J., Tomassini, L., Totems, J., Ubele, A. A., Villiger, L., von Arx, J., Wagner, T., Walther, A., Webber, B., Wendisch, M., Whitehall, S., Wiltshire, A., Wing, A. A., Wirth, M., Wiskandt, J., Wolf, K., Worbes, L., Wright, E., Wulfmeyer, V., Young, S., Zhang, C., Zhang, D., Ziemen, F., Zinner, T., and Zöger, M.: EUREC4A. Earth System Science Data, 13(8), (2021): 4067–4119, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4067-2021.

Description: The science guiding the EUREC4A campaign and its measurements is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, EUREC4A marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso- (200 km) and larger (500 km) scales, roughly 400 h of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft; four global-class research vessels; an advanced ground-based cloud observatory; scores of autonomous observing platforms operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10 000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the air–sea interface; a network of water stable isotopologue measurements; targeted tasking of satellite remote sensing; and modeling with a new generation of weather and climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that EUREC4A explored – from North Brazil Current rings to turbulence-induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation – are presented along with an overview of EUREC4A's outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice. Track data for all platforms are standardized and accessible at https://doi.org/10.25326/165 (Stevens, 2021), and a film documenting the campaign is provided as a video supplement.

Description: This research has been supported by the people and government of Barbados; the Max Planck Society and its supporting members; the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant nos. GPF18-1_69 and GPF18-2_50); the European Research Council (ERC) advanced grant EUREC4A (grant agreement no. 694768) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (H2020), with additional support from CNES (the French National Centre for Space Studies) through the EECLAT proposal, Météo-France, the CONSTRAIN H2020 project (grant agreement no. 820829), and the French AERIS Research Infrastructure; the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/S015868/1, NE/S015752/1, and NE/S015779/1); ERC under the European Union’s H2020 program (COMPASS, advanced grant agreement no. 74110); the French national program LEFE INSU, by IFREMER, the French research fleet, CNES, the French research infrastructures AERIS and ODATIS, IPSL, the Chaire Chanel program of the Geosciences Department at ENS, and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 817578 TRIATLAS; NOAA’s Climate Variability and Prediction Program within the Climate Program Office (grant nos. GC19-305 and GC19-301); NOAA cooperative agreement NA15OAR4320063; NOAA's Climate Program Office and base funds to NOAA/AOML's Physical Oceanography Division; Swiss National Science Foundation grant no. 188731; the UAS Program Office, Climate Program Office, and Physical Sciences Laboratory and by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) through grant AGS-1938108; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy – EXC 2037 “CLICCS – Climate, Climatic Change, and Society” – project no. 390683824; and Poland’s National Science Centre grant no. UMO-2018/30/M/ST10/00674 and Foundation for Polish Science grant no. POIR.04.04.00-00-3FD6/17-02.

Description: The combination of influences of black carbon on radiative properties of the atmosphere, and on the characteristics of clouds is central to properly evaluating and quantifying cloud-aerosol interactions. Global and regional modeling of black carbon distribution requires accounting for the removal by wet deposition, which is complicated by the stochastic nature of rainfall production within cloud systems, which is difficult to quantify. Measurements of wet scavenging in most settings are necessarily inferential. Measurements made before and after some type of event, or measuring time series of black carbon, require methods to attribute concentration changes to the likelihood of precipitation and the proportion of dilution. Here we use the stable isotope ratios of water vapor paired with black carbon measurements to uniquely identify the history of precipitation influencing air parcels, and thus provide a near direct method for estimating wet scavenging. The significance of the approach is that black carbon loss from scavenging can be separated from reduction in black carbon concentration due to dilution. Using data from the NASA ORACLES aircraft campaign, the relationship between precipitation in convective regimes near equatorial Africa are found to be key drivers of wet deposition. Along with new estimates of scavenging efficiency for this domain, the result removes ambiguity in interpreting black carbon concentrations in regions where dilution is suspected. Moreover the isotopic approach allows a real time monitor of dilution fraction to be available within a sampling mission, than can be used to support optimal sampling strategies to meet aerosol observational objectives.

Description: "Over the past twenty years, the knowledge and understanding of wastewater treatment have advanced extensively and moved away from empirically-based approaches to a first principles approach embracing chemistry, microbiology, physical and bioprocess engineering, and mathematics. Many of these advances have matured to the degree that they have been codified into mathematical models for simulation with computers. For a new generation of young scientists and engineers entering the wastewater treatment profession, the quantity, complexity and diversity of these new developments can be overwhelming, particularly in developing countries where access is not readily available to advanced level tertiary education courses in wastewater treatment. Biological Wastewater Treatment addresses this deficiency. It assembles and integrates the postgraduate course material of a dozen or so professors from research groups around the world that have made significant contributions to the advances in wastewater treatment. The book forms part of an internet-based curriculum in biological wastewater treatment which also includes o summarized lecture handouts of the topics covered in book o filmed lectures by the author professors o tutorial exercises for students self-learning Upon completion of this curriculum the modern approach of modelling and simulation to wastewater treatment plant design and operation, be it activated sludge, biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal, secondary settling tanks or biofilm systems, can be embraced with deeper insight, advanced knowledge and greater confidence."

Description: "This is the Arabic translation of Biological Wastewater Treatment: Principles, Modelling and Design. ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدى اﻟﻌﺷرون ﻋﺎﻣًﺎ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﯾﺔ، ﺣﻘﻘت ﻛل ﻣن ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ وﺗﻔﮭم ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻰ ﺗﻘدﻣًﺎ ﻣﻛﺛﻔﺎً ، ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﺣرك ﺑﻌﯾدًا ﻋن اﻟﻣﻧﺎھﺞ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﺟرﯾب إﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﮭﺞ ﻗﺎﺋم ﻣﺑدﺋﯾﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺑﺎدئ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺿم ﻋﻠوم اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎء واﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ واﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎء وھﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ واﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺔ. واﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن ھذه اﻟﺗطورات ﻧﺿﺟت إﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ أﻧﮭﺎ أﺻﺑﺣت ﻣﻘﻧﻧﺔ ﺿﻣن اﻟﻧﻣﺎذج اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﻣذﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺣﺎﺳب اﻵﻟﻰ. وﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﯾل اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻣن ﺷﺑﺎب اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﯾن واﻟﻣﮭﻧدﺳﯾن اﻟذﯾن ﯾطرﻗون ﻣﮭﻧﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻲ، ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻛون ھذا اﻟﻛم واﻟﺗﺷﺎﺑك واﻟﺗﻧوع ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺗطورات اﻟﺟدﯾدة ﻣرﺑﻛًﺎ أو ﻣﺑﮭرًا، ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟدول اﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﺣﯾث أن اﻟوﺻول ﻟﮭذا ﻓﻌﻠﯾﺎً ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺎح ﺑﺳﮭوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟدراﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻘدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻲ. وھذا اﻟﻛﺗﺎب ﯾﺳﻌﻰ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ذﻟك اﻟﻧﻘص. ﻓﮭو ﯾﻘدم ﺑﺻورة ﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ دراﺳﺎت ﻋﻠﯾﺎ ﻷﻛﺛر ﻣن اﺛﻧﻰ ﻋﺷر أﺳﺗﺎذاً ﺟﺎﻣﻌﯾﺎً ﻣن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت اﻟﺑﺎﺣﺛﯾن ﺣول اﻟﻌﺎﻟم، ﻣن اﻟذﯾن ﻗدﻣوا إﺳﮭﺎﻣﺎت ﺑﺎرزة ﻓﻲ ﺗطوﯾر أﻋﻣﺎل ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻲ. وﯾﺷﻛل اﻟﻛﺗﺎب ﺟزء ﻣن ﻣﻧﮭﺞ ﻋن ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻲ ﻣﺗﺎح ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺷﺑك اﻟﻌﻧﻛﺑوﺗﯾﺔ )اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت(، وﺑﮭذا ﻓﮭو ﯾﻣﻛن أﯾﺿًﺎ أن ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣطﺑوﻋﺎت اﻟﻣﻧﺷورة ﻟﻠﻣﺣﺎﺿرات أو اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرات اﻟﻣﺻورة ﻓﻲ أﻓﻼم ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺗذة واﺿﻌﻰ اﻟﻛﺗﺎب وﺗﻣﺎرﯾن اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﻲ اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﻠﯾم اﻟذاﺗﻲ ﻟﻠدارﺳﯾن. وﺑﺈﺗﻣﺎم ھذا اﻟﻣﻧﮭﺞ اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﻲ، ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻣﻛن إدﺧﺎل اﻟﻣﮭﺞ اﻟﺣدﯾث ﻟﻠﻧﻣذﺟﺔ واﻟﻣﺣﺎﻛﺎة ﻓﻲ ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻣﺣطﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻲ وﺗﺷﻐﯾﻠﮭﺎ – ﺳواء ﻛﺎﻧت ﺑﻧظﺎم اﻟﺣﻣﺄة اﻟﻣﻧﺷطﺔ أو ﺑﺎﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﯾﺗروﺟﯾن واﻟﻔوﺳﻔور أو أﺣواض اﻟﺗرﺳﯾب اﻟﺛﺎﻧوي أو اﻷﻏﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ، ﺿﻣن ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﺣﻘﻖ ﻣن اﻛﺗﺳﺎب ﻟﻧظرة أﻋﻣﻖ وﻣﻌرﻓﺔ أﻛﺛر ﺗﻘدﻣًﺎ وﺛﻘﺔ أﻛﺑر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘدرات."

Description: These conference proceedings include the specialized academic lecture and brief contributions presented at the Humans and Computers 2015 conference in Stuttgart. It provides multiple perspectives from research that collectively provide a kaleidoscope of ideas, theories, and methodologies. The conference bridges the gap between theory and practical implementation with numerous application-oriented essays.