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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent results of the IGEX 76Ge double-beta decay experiment (2000)
    Springer
    Physics of atomic nuclei 63 (2000), S. 1225-1228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1063-7788
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The International Germanium Experiment (IGEX) has now analyzed 117 mol yr of data from its isotopically enriched (86% 76Ge) germanium detectors. Applying pulse shape discrimination (PSD) to the more recent data, the lower bound on the half-life for neutrinoless double-beta decay of 76Ge is deduced: T 1/2(0ν)〉1.57×1025 yr (90% C.L.). This corresponds to an upper bound on the Majorana neutrino mass parameter, 〈m ν〉, between 0.33 eV and 1.35 eV depending on the choice of theoretical nuclear matrix elements used in the analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.855774
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New results of the WIMP search with the first IGEX Ge detectors (2000)
    Springer
    Physics of atomic nuclei 63 (2000), S. 1268-1271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1063-7788
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract To search for cold dark matter (CDM) particles, the data from two (Ge-76 and Ge-natural) detectors, fabricated in the first phase of the IGEX collaboration, were accumulated and analyzed for a period from May 1995 to May 1999. The use of effective passive and active shielding together with pulse shape discrimination allowed us to perform long-term measurements with an energy threshold of 2 keV at a level of the residual background 0.1 counts/(kg keV d). New restrictions on masses of weakly interacting massive particles and the cross section of their elastic scattering on nuclei have been obtained from the data corresponding to 810 d of live time. The derived exclusion plots compete with the best bounds obtained so far. Annual modulations of the CDM signal have been also investigated. It is shown that the planned operation of all IGEX detectors (at Canfranc and Baksan) with the recently achieved low-energy thresholds gives a chance to achieve the DAMA annual modulation sensitivity region in a nearest future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.855781
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Airborne radioactivity measurements from the chernobyl plume (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 123 (1988), S. 7-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Airborne gamma-ray measurements were made aboard the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) DC-3 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) King Air research aircraft before and during the first passage of the Chernobyl radioactive cloud over the west coast of the North American continent. Measurements were made from Anchorage, Alaska south to Reno, Nevada. Calculated trajectories were used to estimate the location of the Chernobyl plume. The in-situ gamma-ray analysis systems first detected the cloud on May 8, 1986. Subsequent analysis of concurrently collected air filters indicated that the leading edge of the plume was just reaching the west coast of the United States on May 6, 1986. The ratios of the observed volatile radionuclides (131I and134Cs normalized to137Cs) agreed with the reported discharge ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036379
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct assay techniques for comprehensive radionuclide quantification of radwaste packages (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 123 (1988), S. 77-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories has recently developed, tested and field-demonstrated a technology for the direct assay of transuranic radionuclides (TRU), fission products, and activation products in a variety of radwaste packages generated at commercial nuclear power plants. This technology involves non-destructive passive neutron counting for determination of nanocurie/gram quantities of the TRU radionuclides. Direct gamma spectrometry combined with thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) and correlation analysis is also utilized to determine the concentrations of the fission and activation products present in the radwaste packages. Employing counting times of 10 to 20 minutes, a complete analysis of all radionuclides specified for assay by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (in 10CFR61) prior to shallow-land disposal of commercial radwastes can be measured at concentrations at least tenfold below the least restrictive Class “A” waste catagory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036383
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SYNTH: A spectrum synthesizer (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 193 (1995), S. 229-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A computer code has been written at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) to synthesize the results of typical gamma-ray spectroscopy experiments. The code, dubbed SYNTH1, allows users to specify physical characteristics of a gamma-ray source, the quantity of the nuclides producing the radiation, the source-to-detector distance, the type and thickness of absorbers, the size and composition of the detector (Ge or NaI), and the electronic set up used to gather the data. In the process of specifying the parameters needed to synthesize a spectrum, several interesting intermediate results are produced, including a photopeak transmission function vs. energy, a detector efficiency curve, and a weighted list of gamma and x rays produced from a set of nuclides. All of these intermediate results are available for graphical inspection and for printing. SYNTH runs on personal computers, is menu driven and can be customized to user specifications. SYNTH contains robust support for coaxial germanium detectors and some support for sodium iodide detectors. SYNTH is not a finished product. A number of additional developments are planned. However, the existing code has been carefully compared to spectra obtained from National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) certified standards with very favorable results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02039879
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation and implementation of the RAYGUN gamma-ray analysis code on the IBM PC (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 124 (1988), S. 481-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The RAYGUN gamma-ray analysis code (a descendant of GAMANAL and GRPANL) has been converted from FORTRAN IV to RATFOR and ported to the IBM PC environment. The history of the code and some of the problems encountered during the conversion are discussed. The converted code was then used to analyze the IAEA G-1 Intercomparison Spectra as one measure of the codes performance. The results of the analyses showed that although the intrinsic peak finding and multiplet resolution capabilities of the code are a bit weak, the UPPER-LIMIT and LIBRARY-SEARCH options work quite well. When appropriate gamma-ray libraries are created, the overall performance of the code is quite satisfactory. The RAYGUN code runs on an IBM PC or clone with 256 Kbytes of RAM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02041338
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monte Carlo simulations of low background detectors (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 193 (1995), S. 247-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An implementation of the Electron Gamma Shower 4 code (EGS4) has been developed to allow convenient simulation of typical gamma ray measurement systems. Coincidence gamma rays, beta spectra, and angular correlations have been added to adequately simulate a complete nuclear decay and provide corrections to experimentally determined detector efficiencies. This code has been used to strip certain low-background spectra for the purpose of extremely low-level assay. Monte Carlo calculations of this sort can be extremely successful since low background detectors are usually free of significant contributions from poorly localized radiation sources, such as cosmic muons, secondary cosmic neutrons, and radioactive construction or shielding materials. Previously, validation of this code has been obtained from a series of comparisons between measurements and blind calculations. An example of the application of this code to an exceedingly low background spectrum stripping will be presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02039881
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SYNTH: A new tool for estimating interferences in instrumental neutron activation analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 233 (1998), S. 91-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract SYNTH, a WindowsTM based software package developed for generating synthetic gamma-ray spectra, has been updated and extended to include the ability to generate gamma-ray spectra resulting from neutron activation. Along with a new gamma-ray library (based on the NNDC PCNuDat compilation), and the best available neutron cross-sections, it is now possible to simply, and quickly predict the interference effects of different bulk and trace element compositions by generating a synthetic gamma-ray spectrum that will be representative of a specific set of input parameters. The parameters include, but are not limited to: elemental composition (bulk, and trace) of the sample; irradiation, decay, and count times; thermal, and resonance neutron flux; sample to detector distance; detector specifications; and electronics configuration. Using existing data reduction codes, it is then possible to generate Minimum Detectable Activities (MDA's) for other trace elements that you may wish to detect in this type of matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02389652
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detecting137Cs breakthrough in an ion exchange process (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 233 (1998), S. 207-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract High-level radioactive wastes can be transformed to low-level wastes by removing137Cs through selective ion exchange processes. Since the short-lived daughter,137inBa produces the 662-keV gamma-ray normally attributed to137Cs, equilibrium may be broken, and observation of the 662-keV gamma-ray cannot be used to detect cesium breakthrough. Two detectors viewing the output line, but separated sufficiently to measure the137mBa decay between them, are used to detect137Cs breakthrough based on deviation from the normal137mBa decay. Detection evaluated for the process separation time, counting time, fractional breakthrough detectable, and accuracy and confidence of the measurements are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02389673
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A field-deployable, aircraft-mounted sensor for the environmental survey of radionuclides (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry 233 (1998), S. 211b 
    Details
    ISSN: 1588-2780
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Environmental Radionuclide Sensor System (ERSS)3 is an extremely sensitive sensor, which has been cooperatively developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Special Technologies Laboratory (STL) for environmental surveys of radionuclides. The ERSS sensors fit in an airborne pod and include twenty High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors for the high-resolution measurement of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides, twenty-four3He detectors for possible neutron measurements, and two video cameras for visual correlation. These acrial HPGe sensors provide much better gamma-ray energy resolution than can be obtained with NaI(TI) detectors. The associated electronics fit into three racks. The system can be powered by the 28 V DC electrical supply of typical aircraft or 120 V AC. The data acquisition hardware is controlled by customized software and a real-time display is provided. Each gamma-ray event is time stamped and stored for later analysis. This paper will present the physical design, discuss the software used to control the system, and provide some examples of its use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02389674
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