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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-09-11
    Print ISSN: 0895-0695
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2057
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2015-05-03
    Description: We analysed four newly retrieved tide gauge records of the 1998 July 17 Papua New Guinea (PNG) tsunami to study statistical and spectral properties of this tsunami. The four tide gauge records were from Lombrum (PNG), Rabaul (PNG), Malakal Island (Palau) and Yap Island (State of Yap) stations located 600–1450 km from the source. The tsunami registered a maximum trough-to-crest wave height of 3–9 cm at these gauges. Spectral analysis showed two dominant peaks at period bands of 2–4 and 6–20 min with a clear separation at the period of ~5 min. We interpreted these peak periods as belonging to the landslide and earthquake sources of the PNG tsunami, respectively. Analysis of the tsunami waveforms revealed 12–17 min delay in landslide generation compared to the origin time of the main shock. Numerical simulations including this delay fairly reproduced the observed tide gauge records. This is the first direct evidence of the delayed landslide source of the 1998 PNG tsunami which was previously indirectly estimated from acoustic T-phase records.
    Keywords: Marine Geosciences and Applied Geophysics
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: We report and analyse the tsunami recorded in the northwestern Indian Ocean at the Makran region following the M w 7.7 Pakistan inland strike-slip earthquake on 2013 September 24. We analyse eleven tide gauge records as well as one DART record of this tsunami and perform numerical modelling of the tsunami that would be triggered by a range of possible sources. The tsunami registered a maximum wave height of 109 cm at the Qurayat tide gauge station (Oman). The dominant period of the tsunami was around 12 min, although wavelet analysis showed that parts of the tsunami energy were partitioned into a slightly wider period range of 7 and 16 min. Tsunami backward ray tracing showed that the tsunami source was possibly located offshore Jiwani (Pakistan) and that the tsunami was most likely triggered by the main shock. The aftershocks are distributed in the inland region and the coseismic vertical and horizontal displacements are also limited inland implying that the tsunami was generated by secondary sources triggered by the earthquake. Different possible tsunami sources including a mud volcano at the location of the newly generated island, and a mud volcano or diapir at offshore deep water were examined through numerical modelling and all failed to reproduce the observed waveforms. Numerical modelling showed that a submarine slump with a source dimension of about 10–15 km and a thickness of about 100 m located at 61.49°E and 24.62°N, that is, about 60–70 km off the Jiwani coast (Pakistan), seems capable of reasonably reproducing the wave amplitudes and periods of the observed tsunami waveforms. This event was the second instrumentally recorded tsunami in the region, after the Makran tsunami of 1945 November, and provides evidence for a hazard from landslide/slump-generated waves following seismic activity in the area.
    Keywords: Marine Geosciences and Applied Geophysics
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-03-23
    Description: The tsunami of 27 November 1945 from an M w  8.1 earthquake in the Makran subduction zone is the only instrumentally recorded and deadly tsunami in the northwest Indian Ocean; offshore Iran, Pakistan, Oman, and India. Despite the fact that some source models have been proposed based on seismic or far-field tsunami data, none of them was able to reproduce one important observation: near-field runup of 10–12 m. Here, we applied numerical modeling and examined three possible secondary sources: (1) splay faulting, (2) delayed rupture of the earthquake source, and (3) submarine landslides. These secondary sources were added to the existing state-of-the-art earthquake source for this tsunami. Results of simulations revealed that only a submarine landslide with dimensions of 15 km (length) x 15 km (width), a thickness of 600 m, a volume of ~40 km 3 , and located at 63.0° E, 24.8° N is capable of reproducing the near-field tsunami observation. Such a combined earthquake–landslide source is consistent with all available observations including far-field tsunami waveforms in Karachi (Pakistan) and Mumbai (India), with near-field runup height of 10–12 m, coastal coseismic deformation data in Pasni (subsidence) and Ormara (uplift ~1–3 m), and earthquake magnitude ( M  8.0–8.3). Electronic Supplement: Tables listing parameters of the splay fault and landslide scenarios, and figures showing deformation and coastal tsunami amplitudes from splay fault and landslide scenarios.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-02-21
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    Springer International Publishing
    In:  In: Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences. Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research (37). Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 497-506. ISBN 978-3-319-00971-1
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: We study potential tsunami hazards associated with submarine landslides in Lake Ohrid, Macedonia/Albania. The transboundary Lake Ohrid located on the Balkan Peninsula shared by Macedonia and Albania is considered to be the oldest- continuously existing lake in Europe (2–5 Ma), though the age and the origin are not completely unraveled to date. Previous studies by means of hydroacoustic methods have shown that the western margin of Lake Ohrid has a long history of mass wasting. Based on seismic data, slide deposits are found in different stratigraphic levels as well as on the lake floor where they have affected a large area. This study is focused on the well-studied Udenisht Slide Complex covering an area of 27 km2 within the southwestern part of Lake Ohrid. The Udenisht slide is by far the largest mass movement with an average thickness of 30–40 m and an estimated volume of about 0.11 km3. It is therefore well within the limits of submarine landslides that are known to be capable of triggering tsunamis. Using numerical modeling, the propagation of a landslide-generated tsunami with an initial wave height of more than 5 m has been calculated. Run-up heights estimated for coastal communities around the lake are moderate in the north (2–3 m) can reach up to 10 m directly at the site where the slide initiated. This study is a first generation of landslide tsunami hazard assessment for Lake Ohrid and further detailed modeling is recommended for the region.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Springer International Publishing
    In:  In: Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences. Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research (37). Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 517-527. ISBN 978-3-319-00971-1
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: We model several scenarios of potential submarine landslide tsunamis in the Andaman Sea off the Thai west coast. Our results suggest that landslides may be capable of producing significant tsunamis. Two categories of submarine landslide scenarios were evaluated. Geometry parameters of the first category are taken from identified mass transport deposits (MTDs); the second category considers a potentially unstable block identified in seismic data. Our preliminary modeling approach shows that run-up values may reach significant tsunami heights for some scenarios. We point out that our results have to be regarded as only preliminary due to several limitations in our modeling approach. Our results, however, show the need for more sophisticated modeling of landslide tsunamis, especially regarding the failure process and inundation on dry land
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: We applied a new method to compute tsunami Green's functions for slip inversion of the 1 April 2014 Iquique earthquake using both near-field and far-field tsunami waveforms. Inclusion of the effects of the elastic loading of seafloor, compressibility of seawater, and the geopotential variation in the computed Green's functions reproduced the tsunami travel-time delay relative to long-wave simulation, and allowed us to use far-field records in tsunami waveform inversion. Multiple time window inversion was applied to tsunami waveforms iteratively until the result resembles the stable moment-rate function from teleseismic inversion. We also used GPS data for a joint inversion of tsunami waveforms and co-seismic crustal deformation. The major slip region with a size of 100 km × 40 km is located down-dip the epicenter at depth ~28 km, regardless of assumed rupture velocities. The total seismic moment estimated from the slip distribution is 1.24 × 1021 Nm (Mw 8.0).
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    In:  Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences : 6th International Symposium | Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research ; 37
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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