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  • 1
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] To explain the creation of matter in the early Universe we begin by recalling the relationship E2 = mc4 + p2(? between energy E and momentum p for relativistic particles with rest mass m0 (c is the velocity of light). Dirac realized that the square root of this equation, E= ± (m20c4 +pV)i ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 33 (1968), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: SUMMARY– Thermal death-time determinations in the temperature range of 165°F (73.9°C) to 185°F (85°C) were made of spores of five strains of Clostridium botulinum type E in tubed fish paste prepared from whole Great Lakes whitefish chubs. Estimated F176 (80°C) values for the destruction of approximately 1×106 spores per gram of fish paste were as follows: for strain Alaska, 34.2 min; Beluga, 17.0 min; 8E, 14.0 min; Iwanai, 12.5 min; and Tenno, 13.2 min. Estimated 95% confidence limits about these F176 values were for strain Alaska, 23.4-49.5 min; Beluga, 14.2-20.2 min; 8E, 8.2-17.7 min; Iwanai, 10.2–15.4 min; and Tenno, 9.3–18.5 min. D176 values calculated from our F176 values by Schmidt's (1957) equation were for strain Alaska, 4.3 min; Beluga, 2.1 min; 8E, 1.8 min; Iwanai, 1.6 min; and Tenno, 1.6 min. Zy values obtained from thermal death-time determinations were for strain Alaska, 13.2; Beluga, 13.3; 8E, 10.3; Iwanai, 13.6; and Tenno, 13.1°F.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 74 (1989), S. 45-80 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments on a torsional oscillator containing a slab of liquid3He of thickness 105 µm and diameter 8.38 mm are described. Normal phase experiments confirm the theory of the oscillator dynamics but an apparent descrase in the measured value of ηT 2 at lowT casts doubt on the existing slip theory. Measurements for the uniform texture for the A phase give values of ρ s⊥ and η44. The ρ s⊥ measurements suggest that the A-phase energy gap is enhanced by a factor 1.24 over the BCS value. Distortion of the uniform texture by a magnetic field perpendicular to the slab occurs at a threshold field slightly smaller than predicted. Measurements for fields at different angles to the slab enable accurate values to be deduced for the superfluid density anisotropy and two other viscosity coefficients. The remaining two viscosity coefficients are only poorly determined. Flow alignment of the orbital texture was achieved by increasing the oscillator amplitude. A different texture obtained on some occasions after warming from the B phase was investigated but is not understood.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 109 (1997), S. 423-459 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We give a full account of our extensive measurements of vortex mutual friction in rotating superfluid 3He, in both the A- and B-phases. The B-phase results are in qualitative agreement with a theory based on the concept of “spectral flow”; the agreement becomes quantitative if an effective energy gap of 0.63 Δ is used, but the Justification for such a substitution is not clear. The vortex core transition, at first not seen because of metastability and hysteresis, has now been observed. Detailed investigation suggests that the high temperature vortex state is a temperature dependent mixture of at least two vortex types. The A-phase mutual friction is found to be well described by two hydrodynamic coefficients, the orbital viscosity and the orbital inertia. The latter corresponds to an orbital angular momentum per Cooper pair of (0.0015 ± 0.0017 ) ħ, consistent with the prediction of the spectral flow theory. We find that the most uniform l texture is obtained by cooling through Tc while rotating, and then stopping rotation. Detailed investigation of textural memory effects shows that the uniform l-up and l-down textures are associated with opposite directions of rotation. We discuss the various types of texture that may be formed in our experiments. Finally, we compare our mutual friction results with those found in 4HeII.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 109 (1997), S. 423-459 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We give a full account of our extensive measurements of vortex mutual friction in rotating superfluid3He, in both the A- and B-phases. The B-phase results are in qualitative agreement with a theory based on the concept of “spectral flow”; the agreement becomes quantitative if an effective energy gap of 0.63Δ is used, but the justification for such a subtitution is not clear. The vortex core transition, at first not seen because of metastability and hysteresis, has now been observed. Detailed investigation suggests that the high temperature vortex state is a temperature dependent mixture of least two vortex types. The A-phase mutual friction is found to be well described by two hydrodynamic coefficients, the orbital viscosity and the orbital inertia. The latter corresponds to an orbital angular momentum per Cooper pair of (0.0015±0.0017) h, consistent with the prediction of the spectral flow theory. We find that the most uniforml texture is obtained by cooling through Tc while rotating, and then stopping rotation. Detailed investigation of textural memory effects shows that the uniforml-up andl-down textures are associated with opposite directions of rotation. We discuss the various types of texture that may be formed in our experiments. Finally, we compare our mutual friction results with those found in4Hell.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 54 (1984), S. 619-619 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 50 (1983), S. 583-603 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A vibrating wire viscometer has been constructed using superconducting wire of diameter 58 µm in the form of a semicircular loop of radius 1.4 cm fixed at both ends and oscillating in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The use of the viscometer to measure the viscosity of normal phase3He is described and the corrections that have been applied to the data to allow for the finiteQ of the resonance, a quasiparticle mean free path comparable to the wire diameter, and a viscous penetration depth comparable to the size of the channel containing the wire are discussed. The measured viscosities show small departures from the ηT 2=const law of Fermi liquid theory similar to those observed in some but not all previous measurements. The values of the viscosity at the superfluid transition temperature agree with those obtained in other measurements.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 51 (1983), S. 227-248 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have studied nonlinear dissipation in oscillatory flow of3He-A through 49-µm- and 17-µm-wide channels by means of torsion pendulum experiments at about 50 Hz. The observed effects are strongly history dependent; the dissipation at a given measuring amplitude is strongly increased if the sample is cooled through Tc while oscillating at large amplitude. Once a highly dissipative state has been created it does not noticeably decay below Tc, though a more dissipative state can be created below Tc by a period of sufficiently large-amplitude oscillation. The results are described semiquantitatively by a model based on the idea of superflow collapse by motion of the $$\hat l$$ vector, with consequent orbital dissipation. The history dependence is introduced into this model by postulating the existence of surface singularities in the $$\hat l$$ texture, the density of which is determined by the previous history of the helium.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of low temperature physics 50 (1983), S. 605-633 
    ISSN: 1573-7357
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements with a vibrating wire viscometer in superfluid3He-B at temperatures down to 0.6 mK are described. The need to consider compressibility of the superfluid component in any analysis of vibrating wire measurements is clearly demonstrated and a theoretical calculation of the force acting on a vibrating wire in a finite compressible superfluid is given. The experimental data are consistent with this calculation if theoretical values of the second viscosity ξ3 are used in the analysis. The failure of the hydrodynamic theory when the quasiparticle mean free path1 is comparable to the wire radius a was observed, and an expression has been deduced for the force acting on the wire when1 is finite. Experimental and theoretical evidence is presented to show that this expression is valid for arbitrary1/a. Values of the viscosity obtained using this expression agree with those obtained in other experimental work and confirm the large discrepancy with theoretical calculations at low reduced temperatures.
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