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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contributions from different microbial processes to N2O emission from soil under different moisture regimes (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 331-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Acetylene ; Denitrification ; Inhibitors ; Nitrification ; Oxygen ; Waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrous oxide emissions from a sandy-loam textured soil wetted to matric potentials of either-1.0 or-0.1 kPa were determined in laboratory experiments in which the soil was incubated in air (control), air plus 10 Pa C2H2 (to inhibit nitrification), 100 kPa O2 (to suppress denitrification), 10 kPa C2H2 (to inhibit N2O reduction to N2 in denitrification) or following autoclaving. The total N2O production, consumption and net N2O emission from the soils together with the contributions to N2O emission from different processes of N2O production were estimated. The rate of N2O production was significantly greater in the wetter soil (282 pmol N2O g-1 soil h-1) than in the drier soil (192 pmol N2O g-1 soil h-1), but because N2O consumption by denitrifiers was also greater in the wetter soil, the net N2O emissions from the wetter and the drier soils did not differ significantly. Non-biological sources made no significant contribution to N2O emission under either moisture regime and biological processes other than denitrification and nitrification made only a small contribution (1% of the total N2O production) in the wetter soil. Denitrifying nitrifiers were the predominant source of N2O emitted from the drier soil and other (non-nitrifying) denitrifiers were the predominant source of N2O emitted from the wetter soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334578
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of nitrous oxide emitted from soil and produced by nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 326-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acetate ; Acetylene ; Denitrification ; Ethanoate ; 15N/14N ; Natural abundance ; Nitrification ; Nitrosolobus multiformis ; Nitrosomonas europaea ; 18O/16O ; Oxygen ; Pseudomonas putida ; Succinate ; Waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The isotopic composition at natural abundance levels of nitrous oxide emitted from a sandy loam, neutral pH soil under a range of soil water contents (matric potentials of –0.1, –1.0 and –5.0 kPa), from soil amended with sodium succinate and sodium ethanoate, and produced by pure cultures of the nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosolobus multiformis, and by the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas putida, has been determined in laboratory experiments. N2O from all sources was depleted in the 15N and 18O isotopes relative to the conventional references [atmospheric N2 and standard mean ocean water (SMOW), respectively]. N2O from soil was depleted in 15N and 18O to increasing extents with increasing soil water content. The isotopic composition of N2O produced by N. europaea and N. multiformis was similar to that emitted from drier soil (matric potential of –1.0 kPa) and the N2O produced by P. putida was similar to that emitted from wetter soil (matric potential of –0.1 kPa). N2O emitted from the wetter soil was enriched in 15N and 18O compared with that emitted from the drier soil. The differences in isotopic composition between N2O from the wetter and drier soil were attributed principally to isotopic fractionation during N2O reduction to N2 in the terminal step of denitrification. The effect of both sodium succinate and sodium ethanoate amendment was to increase the overall rate of N2O emission, much of which arose from denitrification, as revealed by incubation in 100 kPa O2. In addition, in the sodium ethanoate amended soil N2O reduction to N2 did not occur, as revealed by incubation in 10 kPa C2H2. The N2O from the sodium ethanoate amended soil was depleted in 15N to a greater extent than the sodium succinate amended soil, which is consistent with the observation that N2O reduction to N2 leaves residual N2O relatively enriched in 15N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334577
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contributions from different microbial processes to N2O emission from soil under different moisture regimes (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 331-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acetylene ; Denitrification ; Inhibitors ; Nitrification ; Oxygen ; Waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrous oxide emissions from a sandy-loam textured soil wetted to matric potentials of either –1.0 or –0.1 kPa were determined in laboratory experiments in which the soil was incubated in air (control), air plus 10 Pa C2H2 (to inhibit nitrification), 100 kPa O2 (to suppress denitrification), 10 kPa C2H2 (to inhibit N2O reduction to N2 in denitrification) or following autoclaving. The total N2O production, consumption and net N2O emission from the soils together with the contributions to N2O emission from different processes of N2O production were estimated. The rate of N2O production was significantly greater in the wetter soil (282 pmol N2O g–1 soil h–1) than in the drier soil (192 pmol N2O g–1 soil h–1), but because N2O consumption by denitrifiers was also greater in the wetter soil, the net N2O emissions from the wetter and the drier soils did not differ significantly. Non-biological sources made no significant contribution to N2O emission under either moisture regime and biological processes other than denitrification and nitrification made only a small contribution (1% of the total N2O production) in the wetter soil. Denitrifying nitrifiers were the predominant source of N2O emitted from the drier soil and other (non-nitrifying) denitrifiers were the predominant source of N2O emitted from the wetter soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334578
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fates of 13C from enriched glucose and glycine in an organic soil determined by solid-state NMR (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 389-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon transformations ; Mineralization ; Respiration ; Peat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The transformations of the indigenous 13C and the 13C from either uniformly enriched 13C-D-glucose or 13C-glycine added to an organic soil were followed during a 28-day incubation using cross polarization (CP) magic angle spinning (MAS) 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and dipolar dephased (DDP) MAS 13C NMR. The C mineralization was determined from 13C remaining by mass spectrometry and from CO2 evolution by gas chromatography. DDP MAS 13C NMR of the unamended soil indicated a transient increase in molecularly mobile 13C in the alkyl- and methyl-C over 5 days, which may be due to redistribution of 13C in the microbial biomass in response to perturbation. The added glucose-13C remaining declined to 43% after 7 days and 34% after 28 days. After 28 days the amount of added glucose-13C remaining was 6 times greater than the biomass C at the outset, while the microbial activity (CO2 production) was 38% greater, indicating that a significant proportion of added glucose-13C was not in microorganisms. Added glycine-13C declined faster, such that 29% and 8% remained after 7 and 28 days, respectively. After 28 days’ incubation with 13C-glucose, the O-alkyl-C, the acetal- and ketal-C, and the methyl- and alkyl-C resonances in CP MAS 13C NMR spectra were all enhanced compared with the unamended soil. The calculated T1ρH values of the O-alkyl-C and the acetal- and ketal-C resonances were less than those of crystalline glucose, indicating that there was no substantial reservoir of unreacted glucose. After 7 days’ incubation with 13C-glycine, none of the signals in the CP MAS 13C NMR spectra were enhanced when compared with the unamended soil, indicating that the added 13C remaining was distributed in undetectable quantities in a range of functionalities. The calculated T1ρH values indicated that glycine 13C was in O-alkyl-C, acetal- and ketal-C and carbonyl-C. T1ρH values may be more sensitive to changes in the distribution of 13C when 13C content is low. The DDP MAS 13C NMR spectra of both the 13C-glucose- and the 13C-glycine-amended soil showed that the molecularly mobile alkyl- and methyl-C increased compared with the unamended soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050330
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of nitrification in a stagnohumic-gley soil (1989)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Autotrophy ; Lime ; Lolium perenne ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrification ; Stagnohumic gley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three different nitrification assays (short-term nitrifier activity, assimilatory nitrate reductase activity of Lolium perenne, and nitrate accumulation in the absence of plants) were performed either on soil from a naturally acidic stagnohumic-gley or on leaves from L. perenne grown in this soil. Before the investigation the soil was limed and fertilised in a manner consistent with established agricultural pasture improvement strategies. Short-term nitrifier activity was only detected in soils above pH 5.6. However, nitrate reductase activity and nitrate accumulation both showed a near linear increase between soil pH 3.8 and 6.8. These findings are attributed to the nature of the assays, each of which considers a different component of the soil nitrifier population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263165
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Size and activity of soil microbial communities in long-term experimental grassland plots treated with manure and inorganic fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 66-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Farmyard manure ; Long-term experiment ; Michaelis constant ; Microbial biomass ; NPK fertilizers ; Respiratory activity ; Glucose affinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We determined the size, activity, and affinity of the microbial community for glucose in soils from long-term experimental grassland plots. The plots had been treated annually with either farmyard manure, inorganic NPK fertilizers, farmyard manure+inorganic NPK fertilizers, (NH4)2SO4 only, or no experimental amendment sine 1897. The largest biomass and activity differences were between the (NH4)2SO4-treated soil, which was very acid, and the rest, which were nearer neutral. In the (NH4)2SO4-treated soil, the biomass C to organic C ratio was small, but overall the community had high respiratory activity per unit of biomass (qCO2) and high overall affinity for glucose (low K m). The effects of the manure treatment were a greater biomass C and a lower overall glucose affinity than in the control plot. In the presence farmyard manure, NPK led to smaller biomass and a lower biomass to organic C ratio while having no significant effect on either glucose K m or qCO2. In the absence of farmyard manure, NPK led to significantly greater glucose affinity but had no significant effect on the biomass, the biomass C to organic C ratio or qCO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384434
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Size and activity of soil microbial communities in long-term experimental grassland plots treated with manure and inorganic fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 66-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Farmyard manure ; Long-term experiment ; Michaelis constant ; Microbial biomass ; NPK fertilizers ; Respiratory activity ; Glucose affinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We determined the size, activity, and affinity of the microbial community for glucose in soils from long-term experimental grassland plots. The plots had been treated annually with either farmyard manure, inorganic NPK fertilizers, farmyard manure+inorganic NPK fertilizers, (NH4)2SO4 only, or no experimental amendment since 1897. The largest biomass and activity differences were between the (NH4)2SO4-treated soil, which was very acid, and the rest, which were nearer neutral. In the (NH4)2SO4-treated soil, the biomass C to organic C ratio was small, but overall the community had high respiratory activity per unit of biomass (qCO2) and high overall affinity for glucose (low K m). The effects of the manure treatment were a greater biomass C and a lower overall glucose affinity than in the control plot. In the presence farmyard manure, NPK led to smaller biomass and a lower biomass to organic C ratio while having no significant effect on either glucose K m or qCO2. In the absence of farmyard manure, NPK led to significantly greater glucose affinity but had no significant effect on the biomass, the biomass C to organic C ratio or qCO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384434
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of nitrous oxide emitted from soil and produced by nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 326-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Acetate ; Acetylene ; Denitrification ; Ethanoate ; 15N/14N ; Natural abundance ; Nitrification ; Nitrosolobus multiformis ; Nitrosomonas europaea ; 18O/16O ; Oxygen ; Pseudomonas putida ; Succinate ; Waterlogging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The isotopic composition at natural abundance levels of nitrous oxide emitted from a sandy loam, neutral pH soil under a range of soil water contents (matric potentials of-0.1,-1.0 and-5.0 kPa), from soil amended with sodium succinate and sodium ethanoate, and produced by pure cultures of the nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrosolobus multiformis, and by the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas putida, has been determined in laboratory experiments. N2O from all sources was depleted in the 15N and 18O isotopes relative to the conventional references [atmospheric N2 and standard mean ocean water (SMOW), respectively]. N2O from soil was depleted in 15N and 18O to increasing extents with increasing soil water content. The isotopic composition of N2O produced by N. europaea and N. multiformis was similar to that emitted from drier soil (matric potential of-1.0 kPa) and the N2O produced by P. putida was similar to that emitted from wetter soil (matric potential of-0.1 kPa). N2O emitted from the wetter soil was enriched in 15N and 18O compared with that emitted from the drier soil. The differences in isotopic composition between N2O from the wetter and drier soil were attributed principally to isotopic fractionation during N2O reduction to N2 in the terminal step of denitrification. The effect of both sodium succinate and sodium ethanoate amendment was to increase the overall rate of N2O emission, much of which arose from denitrification, as revealed by incubation in 100 kPa O2. In addition, in the sodium ethanoate amended soil N2O reduction to N2 did not occur, as revealed by incubation in 10 kPa C2H2. The N2O from the sodium ethanoate amended soil was depleted in 15N to a greater extent than the sodium succinate amended soil, which is consistent with the observation that N2O reduction to N2 leaves residual N2O relatively enriched in 15N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334577
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition in a peaty soil improved for pastoral agriculture (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The rates of CO2 production and decomposition of 13C-enriched Lolium perenne leaves and roots in soil from the surface five cm of two upland stagnohumic gley soils were measured in laboratory experiments. One of the soils had been limed (pH 6.8) 13 years earlier. The other was unlimed (pH 3.7). Liming increased the rate of CO2 release from soil to which no L. perenne had been added. About 30% of the 13C in L. perenne leaves remained in both limed and unlimed soil after 224 days. By contrast, less 13C-remained in the limed soil amended with L. perenne roots (44%) than in the limed soils (55%). Although the daily rate of CO2 from the plant material-amended soils was initially greater in the improved than in the unimproved soil, it subsequently declined more rapidly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00566.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organic matter accumulation following fires in a moorland soil chronosequence (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Severe fires in 1957 and 1976 removed the vegetation and soil organic matter from the litter layers and organic horizons of soils at two adjacent moorland sites leaving exposed the uppermost mineral horizon of the soil. In the period since, plant recolonization and soil organic matter reaccumulation have occurred to give a chronosequence. Assuming no major changes in the carbon and nitrogen content of the unburned soil since 1957, the rates of accumulation of soil C and N were estimated to be 0.035 kg C m–2 y–1 and 0.001 kg N m–2 y–1 over the first 19 years, and 0.50 kg C m–2 y–1 and 0.023 kg N m–2 y–1 over the period from 19 to 38 years after burning. Solid-state 13C NMR (cross-polarization, magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) showed that the ratio of alkyl- and methyl-C-to-O-alkyl-C increased with stage of decomposition and in the unburned soil with decreasing particle-size. For the organic matter that had reaccumulated in the 1957-burned soil, the alkyl-C-to-O-alkyl-C ratio of the 〉 2000 μm and 2000–250 μm particle-size fractions were greater than those of the corresponding size fractions from the unburned soil, indicating that the reaccumulated soil organic matter was subject to decomposition but limited fragmentation or comminution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00153.x
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