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  • 1
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    The Transition to Modern Agriculture: Contract Farming in Developing Economies (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-02
    Description: Recent years have seen considerable interest in the impact of contract farming on farmers in developing countries, motivated out of belief that contract farming spurs transition to modern agriculture. In this article, we provide a thorough review of the empirical literature on contract farming in both developed and developing countries, using China as a special case of the latter. We pay careful attention to broad implications of this research for economic development. We first find empirical studies consistently support the positive contribution of contract farming to production and supply chain efficiency. We also find that most empirical studies identify a positive and significant effect of contract farming on farmer welfare, yet are often unable to reach consistent conclusions as to significant correlates of contract participation.
    Keywords: L23 - Organization of Production, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Dynamic response characteristics analysis of the doubly-fed wind power system under grid voltage drop (2016)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-27
    Description: Double-fed induction generator (DFIG) is sensitive to the disturbances of grid, so the security and stability of the grid and the DFIG itself are under threat with the rapid increase of DFIG. Therefore, it is important to study dynamic response of the DFIG when voltage drop failure is happened in power system. In this paper, firstly, mathematical models and the control strategy about mechanical and electrical response processes is respectively introduced. Then through the analysis of response process, it is concluded that the dynamic response characteristics are related to voltage drop level, operating status of DFIG and control strategy adapted to rotor side. Last, the correctness of conclusion is validated by the simulation about mechanical and electrical response processes in different voltage levels drop and different DFIG output levels under DIgSILENT/PowerFactory software platform.
    Print ISSN: 1755-1307
    Electronic ISSN: 1755-1315
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 3
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    Activation of salt-inducible kinase 2 promotes the viability of peritoneal mesothelial cells exposed to stress of peritoneal dialysis (2016)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Activation of salt-inducible kinase 2 promotes the viability of peritoneal mesothelial cells exposed to stress of peritoneal dialysis Cell Death and Disease 7, e2298 (July 2016). doi:10.1038/cddis.2016.79 Authors: H-H Wang, C-Y Lin, S-H Su, C-T Chuang, Y-L Chang, T-Y Lee, S-C Lee & C-J Chang
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4889
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
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    Performance of the Cas9 Nickase System in Drosophila melanogaster (2014)
    Genetics Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: Recent studies of the Cas9/sgRNA system in Drosophila melanogaster genome editing have opened new opportunities to generate site-specific mutant collections in a high-throughput manner. However, off-target effects of the system are still a major concern when analyzing mutant phenotypes. Mutations converting Cas9 to a DNA nickase have great potential for reducing off-target effects in vitro . Here, we demonstrated that injection of two plasmids encoding neighboring offset sgRNAs into transgenic Cas9 D10A nickase flies efficiently produces heritable indel mutants. We then determined the effective distance between the two sgRNA targets and their orientations that affected the ability of the sgRNA pairs to generate mutations when expressed in the transgenic nickase flies. Interestingly, Cas9 nickase greatly reduces the ability to generate mutants with one sgRNA, suggesting that the application of Cas9 nickase and sgRNA pairs can almost avoid off-target effects when generating indel mutants. Finally, a defined piwi mutant allele is generated with this system through homology-directed repair. However, Cas9 D10A is not as effective as Cas9 in replacing the entire coding sequence of piwi with two sgRNAs.
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Genetics Society of America (GSA)
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  • 5
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    Inhibition of human positive cofactor 4 radiosensitizes human esophageal squmaous cell carcinoma cells by suppressing XLF-mediated nonhomologous end joining (2014)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: Inhibition of human positive cofactor 4 radiosensitizes human esophageal squmaous cell carcinoma cells by suppressing XLF-mediated nonhomologous end joining Cell Death and Disease 5, e1461 (October 2014). doi:10.1038/cddis.2014.416 Authors: D Qian, B Zhang, X-L Zeng, J M Le Blanc, Y-H Guo, C Xue, C Jiang, H-H Wang, T-S Zhao, M-B Meng, L-J Zhao, J-H Hao, P Wang, D Xie, B Lu & Z-Y Yuan
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4889
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 6
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    Programming cells by multiplex genome engineering and accelerated evolution (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-28
    Description: The breadth of genomic diversity found among organisms in nature allows populations to adapt to diverse environments. However, genomic diversity is difficult to generate in the laboratory and new phenotypes do not easily arise on practical timescales. Although in vitro and directed evolution methods have created genetic variants with usefully altered phenotypes, these methods are limited to laborious and serial manipulation of single genes and are not used for parallel and continuous directed evolution of gene networks or genomes. Here, we describe multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE) for large-scale programming and evolution of cells. MAGE simultaneously targets many locations on the chromosome for modification in a single cell or across a population of cells, thus producing combinatorial genomic diversity. Because the process is cyclical and scalable, we constructed prototype devices that automate the MAGE technology to facilitate rapid and continuous generation of a diverse set of genetic changes (mismatches, insertions, deletions). We applied MAGE to optimize the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) biosynthesis pathway in Escherichia coli to overproduce the industrially important isoprenoid lycopene. Twenty-four genetic components in the DXP pathway were modified simultaneously using a complex pool of synthetic DNA, creating over 4.3 billion combinatorial genomic variants per day. We isolated variants with more than fivefold increase in lycopene production within 3 days, a significant improvement over existing metabolic engineering techniques. Our multiplex approach embraces engineering in the context of evolution by expediting the design and evolution of organisms with new and improved properties.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590770/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590770/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Harris H -- Isaacs, Farren J -- Carr, Peter A -- Sun, Zachary Z -- Xu, George -- Forest, Craig R -- Church, George M -- DP5 OD009172/OD/NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Aug 13;460(7257):894-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08187. Epub 2009 Jul 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. hhwang@genetics.med.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19633652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Biotechnology/instrumentation/*methods ; Carotenoids/biosynthesis ; Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA/biosynthesis/genetics ; Directed Molecular Evolution/instrumentation/*methods ; Escherichia coli/cytology/*genetics/*metabolism ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genome, Bacterial/*genetics ; Pentosephosphates/biosynthesis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Organic superconductors--new benchmarks (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-06-14
    Description: Recent advances in the design and synthesis of organic synthetic metals have yielded materials that have the highest superconducting transition temperatures (T(c) approximately 13 kelvin) reported for these systems. These materials have crystal structures consisting of alternating layers of organic donor molecules and inorganic anions. Organic superconductors have various electronic and magnetic properties and crystal structures that are similar to those of the inorganic copper oxide superconductors (which have high T(c) values); these similarities include highly anisotropic conductivities, critical fields, and short coherence lengths. The largest number of organic superconductors, including those with the highest T(c) values, are charge-transfer salts derived from the electron donor molecule BEDT-TTF or ET [bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene]. The synthesis and crystal structures of these salts are discussed; their electrical, magnetic, and band electronic structure properties and their many similarities to the copper oxide superconductors are treated as well.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, J M -- Schultz, A J -- Geiser, U -- Carlson, K D -- Kini, A M -- Wang, H H -- Kwok, W K -- Whangbo, M H -- Schirber, J E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jun 14;252(5012):1501-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17834875" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Genomically recoded organisms expand biological functions (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-19
    Description: We describe the construction and characterization of a genomically recoded organism (GRO). We replaced all known UAG stop codons in Escherichia coli MG1655 with synonymous UAA codons, which permitted the deletion of release factor 1 and reassignment of UAG translation function. This GRO exhibited improved properties for incorporation of nonstandard amino acids that expand the chemical diversity of proteins in vivo. The GRO also exhibited increased resistance to T7 bacteriophage, demonstrating that new genetic codes could enable increased viral resistance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lajoie, Marc J -- Rovner, Alexis J -- Goodman, Daniel B -- Aerni, Hans-Rudolf -- Haimovich, Adrian D -- Kuznetsov, Gleb -- Mercer, Jaron A -- Wang, Harris H -- Carr, Peter A -- Mosberg, Joshua A -- Rohland, Nadin -- Schultz, Peter G -- Jacobson, Joseph M -- Rinehart, Jesse -- Church, George M -- Isaacs, Farren J -- 1DP5OD009172-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP5 OD009172/OD/NIH HHS/ -- K01 DK089006/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K01DK089006/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007205/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM07205/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):357-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1241459.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136966" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution/genetics ; Amino Acids/*genetics ; Bacteriophage T7/*physiology ; Codon, Terminator/*genetics ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/*virology ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics ; Genetic Engineering ; Genome, Bacterial ; Organisms, Genetically Modified/*genetics/*virology ; Peptide Chain Termination, Translational/genetics ; Peptide Termination Factors/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Species richness loss after nutrient addition as affected by N:C ratios and phytohormone GA3 contents in an alpine meadow community (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-25
    Description: Aims From the light-competition hypothesis, competition for light is asymmetric and the observed increases in plant-size variability with increasingly denser canopies are primarily due to competition for light. Greater plant height provides pre-emptive access to light and produces increased height differences among species. The question is what produces these differences in plant height or height growth response among species in response to fertilization. Methods In 2009, a field experiment of N, P and N + P enrichments at three levels each was initiated in an alpine meadow on the northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Effects of fertilization on species richness, aboveground net primary production (ANPP), relative light intensity and plant height of different plant functional groups were determined. Festuca ovina (grass), Kobresia humilis (sedge), Oxytropis ochrocephala (legume), Taraxacum lugubre (rosette forb) and Geranium pylzowianum (upright forb) were selected as exemplars of each of the indicated functional groups. The N:C ratios in aboveground biomass, gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) concentrations in leaves, plant heights and height relative growth rate (RGR) of these exemplar species were analyzed in detail. Important Findings Species richness of grasses significantly increased with increasing N + P levels. Species richness of legumes and upright forbs decreased after N and N + P additions. P addition had no significant effect on species richness. The effects of N + P addition on species richness and ANPP were consistently stronger than those of the single N or P fertilization. Reductions in species richness caused by nutrient addition paralleled the increases in ANPP and decreases in light intensity under the canopies, indicating indirect effect of nutrient addition on species richness via ANPP-induced light competition. The exemplar species that responded most positively to fertilization in height and RGR also displayed stronger increases in their GA 3 content and N:C ratios. GA 3 concentrations and N:C ratios were positively correlated with height RGR when the data were pooled for all species. The tallest and the fastest-growing grass, F. ovina , had the largest increase in N:C ratios and the highest leaf GA 3 concentrations after nutrient addition. These results indicated that differential responses of GA 3 concentrations and N:C ratios to fertilization were related to the inequality in plant heights among species.
    Print ISSN: 1752-993X
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-9921
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Precise manipulation of chromosomes in vivo enables genome-wide codon replacement (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: We present genome engineering technologies that are capable of fundamentally reengineering genomes from the nucleotide to the megabase scale. We used multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE) to site-specifically replace all 314 TAG stop codons with synonymous TAA codons in parallel across 32 Escherichia coli strains. This approach allowed us to measure individual recombination frequencies, confirm viability for each modification, and identify associated phenotypes. We developed hierarchical conjugative assembly genome engineering (CAGE) to merge these sets of codon modifications into genomes with 80 precise changes, which demonstrate that these synonymous codon substitutions can be combined into higher-order strains without synthetic lethal effects. Our methods treat the chromosome as both an editable and an evolvable template, permitting the exploration of vast genetic landscapes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Isaacs, Farren J -- Carr, Peter A -- Wang, Harris H -- Lajoie, Marc J -- Sterling, Bram -- Kraal, Laurens -- Tolonen, Andrew C -- Gianoulis, Tara A -- Goodman, Daniel B -- Reppas, Nikos B -- Emig, Christopher J -- Bang, Duhee -- Hwang, Samuel J -- Jewett, Michael C -- Jacobson, Joseph M -- Church, George M -- K99 GM081450/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R00 GM081450/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 15;333(6040):348-53. doi: 10.1126/science.1205822.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. farren.isaacs@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764749" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosomes, Bacterial/*genetics ; *Codon, Terminator ; *Conjugation, Genetic ; Directed Molecular Evolution ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Genetic Engineering/*methods ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Genomic Instability ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Recombination, Genetic ; Templates, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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