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  • 1
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    Long duration x-ray emissions observed in Thunderstorms (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-27
    Description: In 1995, a series of four balloon flights with an x-ray spectrometer and an electric-field meter were conducted to examine if strong electric-fields could accelerate, and perhaps multiply, cosmic-ray secondary electrons and produce bremsstrahlung x-rays. X-ray intensities between 10 and 1000 times that of normal background were observed in conjunction with strong electric fields. Both negative and positive polarity electric fields (as referenced to the vertical field) produced x-rays, which lasted for time scales on the order of tens of seconds. It was also observed that the increased x-ray intensity would return to near background levels after lightning reduced the local electric field. The observations indicate that x-rays observed above background are most likely produced by a runaway electron process occurring in the strong static electric-field present in thunderstorms. The production of runaway electrons can occur over long periods of time without causing an electrical breakdown. This may provide a leakage current that limits the large scale electric-field to values near the runaway threshold, especially in regions where the thunderstorm charging rate is low.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Lightning morphology and impulse charge moment change of high peak current negative strokes (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-28
    Description: We have analyzed very high frequency lightning mapping observations and remote magnetic field measurements to investigate connections between lightning morphology and impulse charge moment change (iCMC) of negative cloud-to-ground (CG) strokes with high estimated peak currents. Four lightning morphologies are identified for a total of 2126 strokes within optimum detection range of the North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array, and statistical iCMC distributions are given for each of these types. Almost all (〉90%) of the largest impulse charge moments (greater than −200 C km in this data set) are not produced by strokes in ordinary negative CG flashes. Instead, negative strokes with the largest iCMCs are almost exclusively associated with two unusual flash types that both initially develop as positive (normal) intracloud lightning. In the first type the negative stroke with high iCMCs results from a negative leader that descends from the midlevel negative charge region after the upper level negative leader ceases propagating. In the second type, the upper level negative leader of the intracloud lightning progresses toward ground as a so-called bolt from the blue to generate the negative stroke. Measurements of strokes associated with four negative polarity sprites suggest that all four were most likely produced in the first unusual lightning type. Our results highlight that estimated peak current and impulse charge transfer are not always well correlated and that the in-cloud lightning structure strongly influences charge transfer on short time scales in negative CG strokes.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    High-speed video observations of a natural negative stepped leader and subsequent dart-stepped leader (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-22
    Description: [1]  We present new high-speed video observations of a natural negative stepped leader and a subsequent negative dart-stepped leader. Observations were made at a distance of 770 meters using a high-speed video camera at 10,000 frames per second, a microwave-frequency radio receiver, a broadband electric field antenna, and an avalanche photodiode array. Lightning leader breakdown was observed in detail for both the negative stepped leader and the subsequent dart-stepped leader. During the negative stepped leader breakdown, detailed images were captured of the discharge structures near the leader tips. These structures bear a remarkable resemblance to the corona streamer zone and space leader discharges that have been observed in laboratory-generated negative stepped leaders. During the dart-stepped leader breakdown no corona streamer zone was observed outside of the decaying return stroke channel, but small luminous structures that are suggestive of space-leaders were observed just ahead of the main dart leader tip. Two distinct low-luminosity zones were observed just ahead of the dart leader tip, suggestive of two distinct breakdown regimes. A multipath junction was observed in the main channel to ground following the first return stroke, but was not observed following the second return stroke. Finally, microwave-frequency radio emissions for both leader types and their return strokes were recorded, and their time-domain behavior is compared and discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    The genomes of four tapeworm species reveal adaptations to parasitism (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-15
    Description: Tapeworms (Cestoda) cause neglected diseases that can be fatal and are difficult to treat, owing to inefficient drugs. Here we present an analysis of tapeworm genome sequences using the human-infective species Echinococcus multilocularis, E. granulosus, Taenia solium and the laboratory model Hymenolepis microstoma as examples. The 115- to 141-megabase genomes offer insights into the evolution of parasitism. Synteny is maintained with distantly related blood flukes but we find extreme losses of genes and pathways that are ubiquitous in other animals, including 34 homeobox families and several determinants of stem cell fate. Tapeworms have specialized detoxification pathways, metabolism that is finely tuned to rely on nutrients scavenged from their hosts, and species-specific expansions of non-canonical heat shock proteins and families of known antigens. We identify new potential drug targets, including some on which existing pharmaceuticals may act. The genomes provide a rich resource to underpin the development of urgently needed treatments and control.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3964345/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3964345/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsai, Isheng J -- Zarowiecki, Magdalena -- Holroyd, Nancy -- Garciarrubio, Alejandro -- Sanchez-Flores, Alejandro -- Brooks, Karen L -- Tracey, Alan -- Bobes, Raul J -- Fragoso, Gladis -- Sciutto, Edda -- Aslett, Martin -- Beasley, Helen -- Bennett, Hayley M -- Cai, Jianping -- Camicia, Federico -- Clark, Richard -- Cucher, Marcela -- De Silva, Nishadi -- Day, Tim A -- Deplazes, Peter -- Estrada, Karel -- Fernandez, Cecilia -- Holland, Peter W H -- Hou, Junling -- Hu, Songnian -- Huckvale, Thomas -- Hung, Stacy S -- Kamenetzky, Laura -- Keane, Jacqueline A -- Kiss, Ferenc -- Koziol, Uriel -- Lambert, Olivia -- Liu, Kan -- Luo, Xuenong -- Luo, Yingfeng -- Macchiaroli, Natalia -- Nichol, Sarah -- Paps, Jordi -- Parkinson, John -- Pouchkina-Stantcheva, Natasha -- Riddiford, Nick -- Rosenzvit, Mara -- Salinas, Gustavo -- Wasmuth, James D -- Zamanian, Mostafa -- Zheng, Yadong -- Taenia solium Genome Consortium -- Cai, Xuepeng -- Soberon, Xavier -- Olson, Peter D -- Laclette, Juan P -- Brehm, Klaus -- Berriman, Matthew -- 085775/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BBG0038151/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- MOP#84556/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- TW008588/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Apr 4;496(7443):57-63. doi: 10.1038/nature12031. Epub 2013 Mar 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23485966" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cestoda/drug effects/*genetics/physiology ; Cestode Infections/drug therapy/metabolism ; Conserved Sequence/genetics ; Echinococcus granulosus/genetics ; Echinococcus multilocularis/drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Genes, Helminth/genetics ; Genes, Homeobox/genetics ; Genome, Helminth/*genetics ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; Humans ; Hymenolepis/genetics ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/genetics ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Parasites/drug effects/*genetics/physiology ; Proteome/genetics ; Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Taenia solium/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-19
    Description: Zebrafish have become a popular organism for the study of vertebrate gene function. The virtually transparent embryos of this species, and the ability to accelerate genetic studies by gene knockdown or overexpression, have led to the widespread use of zebrafish in the detailed investigation of vertebrate gene function and increasingly, the study of human genetic disease. However, for effective modelling of human genetic disease it is important to understand the extent to which zebrafish genes and gene structures are related to orthologous human genes. To examine this, we generated a high-quality sequence assembly of the zebrafish genome, made up of an overlapping set of completely sequenced large-insert clones that were ordered and oriented using a high-resolution high-density meiotic map. Detailed automatic and manual annotation provides evidence of more than 26,000 protein-coding genes, the largest gene set of any vertebrate so far sequenced. Comparison to the human reference genome shows that approximately 70% of human genes have at least one obvious zebrafish orthologue. In addition, the high quality of this genome assembly provides a clearer understanding of key genomic features such as a unique repeat content, a scarcity of pseudogenes, an enrichment of zebrafish-specific genes on chromosome 4 and chromosomal regions that influence sex determination.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3703927/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3703927/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Howe, Kerstin -- Clark, Matthew D -- Torroja, Carlos F -- Torrance, James -- Berthelot, Camille -- Muffato, Matthieu -- Collins, John E -- Humphray, Sean -- McLaren, Karen -- Matthews, Lucy -- McLaren, Stuart -- Sealy, Ian -- Caccamo, Mario -- Churcher, Carol -- Scott, Carol -- Barrett, Jeffrey C -- Koch, Romke -- Rauch, Gerd-Jorg -- White, Simon -- Chow, William -- Kilian, Britt -- Quintais, Leonor T -- Guerra-Assuncao, Jose A -- Zhou, Yi -- Gu, Yong -- Yen, Jennifer -- Vogel, Jan-Hinnerk -- Eyre, Tina -- Redmond, Seth -- Banerjee, Ruby -- Chi, Jianxiang -- Fu, Beiyuan -- Langley, Elizabeth -- Maguire, Sean F -- Laird, Gavin K -- Lloyd, David -- Kenyon, Emma -- Donaldson, Sarah -- Sehra, Harminder -- Almeida-King, Jeff -- Loveland, Jane -- Trevanion, Stephen -- Jones, Matt -- Quail, Mike -- Willey, Dave -- Hunt, Adrienne -- Burton, John -- Sims, Sarah -- McLay, Kirsten -- Plumb, Bob -- Davis, Joy -- Clee, Chris -- Oliver, Karen -- Clark, Richard -- Riddle, Clare -- Elliot, David -- Threadgold, Glen -- Harden, Glenn -- Ware, Darren -- Begum, Sharmin -- Mortimore, Beverley -- Kerry, Giselle -- Heath, Paul -- Phillimore, Benjamin -- Tracey, Alan -- Corby, Nicole -- Dunn, Matthew -- Johnson, Christopher -- Wood, Jonathan -- Clark, Susan -- Pelan, Sarah -- Griffiths, Guy -- Smith, Michelle -- Glithero, Rebecca -- Howden, Philip -- Barker, Nicholas -- Lloyd, Christine -- Stevens, Christopher -- Harley, Joanna -- Holt, Karen -- Panagiotidis, Georgios -- Lovell, Jamieson -- Beasley, Helen -- Henderson, Carl -- Gordon, Daria -- Auger, Katherine -- Wright, Deborah -- Collins, Joanna -- Raisen, Claire -- Dyer, Lauren -- Leung, Kenric -- Robertson, Lauren -- Ambridge, Kirsty -- Leongamornlert, Daniel -- McGuire, Sarah -- Gilderthorp, Ruth -- Griffiths, Coline -- Manthravadi, Deepa -- Nichol, Sarah -- Barker, Gary -- Whitehead, Siobhan -- Kay, Michael -- Brown, Jacqueline -- Murnane, Clare -- Gray, Emma -- Humphries, Matthew -- Sycamore, Neil -- Barker, Darren -- Saunders, David -- Wallis, Justene -- Babbage, Anne -- Hammond, Sian -- Mashreghi-Mohammadi, Maryam -- Barr, Lucy -- Martin, Sancha -- Wray, Paul -- Ellington, Andrew -- Matthews, Nicholas -- Ellwood, Matthew -- Woodmansey, Rebecca -- Clark, Graham -- Cooper, James D -- Tromans, Anthony -- Grafham, Darren -- Skuce, Carl -- Pandian, Richard -- Andrews, Robert -- Harrison, Elliot -- Kimberley, Andrew -- Garnett, Jane -- Fosker, Nigel -- Hall, Rebekah -- Garner, Patrick -- Kelly, Daniel -- Bird, Christine -- Palmer, Sophie -- Gehring, Ines -- Berger, Andrea -- Dooley, Christopher M -- Ersan-Urun, Zubeyde -- Eser, Cigdem -- Geiger, Horst -- Geisler, Maria -- Karotki, Lena -- Kirn, Anette -- Konantz, Judith -- Konantz, Martina -- Oberlander, Martina -- Rudolph-Geiger, Silke -- Teucke, Mathias -- Lanz, Christa -- Raddatz, Gunter -- Osoegawa, Kazutoyo -- Zhu, Baoli -- Rapp, Amanda -- Widaa, Sara -- Langford, Cordelia -- Yang, Fengtang -- Schuster, Stephan C -- Carter, Nigel P -- Harrow, Jennifer -- Ning, Zemin -- Herrero, Javier -- Searle, Steve M J -- Enright, Anton -- Geisler, Robert -- Plasterk, Ronald H A -- Lee, Charles -- Westerfield, Monte -- de Jong, Pieter J -- Zon, Leonard I -- Postlethwait, John H -- Nusslein-Volhard, Christiane -- Hubbard, Tim J P -- Roest Crollius, Hugues -- Rogers, Jane -- Stemple, Derek L -- 095908/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1 R01 DK55377-01A1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD022486/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 HD22486/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM085318/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 OD011116/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 RR010715/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 RR020833/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Apr 25;496(7446):498-503. doi: 10.1038/nature12111. Epub 2013 Apr 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23594743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosomes/genetics ; Conserved Sequence/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genes/genetics ; Genome/*genetics ; Genome, Human/genetics ; Genomics ; Humans ; Male ; Meiosis/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Pseudogenes/genetics ; Reference Standards ; Sex Determination Processes/genetics ; Zebrafish/*genetics ; Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Supergenes are tight clusters of loci that facilitate the co-segregation of adaptive variation, providing integrated control of complex adaptive phenotypes. Polymorphic supergenes, in which specific combinations of traits are maintained within a single population, were first described for 'pin' and 'thrum' floral types in Primula and Fagopyrum, but classic examples are also found in insect mimicry and snail morphology. Understanding the evolutionary mechanisms that generate these co-adapted gene sets, as well as the mode of limiting the production of unfit recombinant forms, remains a substantial challenge. Here we show that individual wing-pattern morphs in the polymorphic mimetic butterfly Heliconius numata are associated with different genomic rearrangements at the supergene locus P. These rearrangements tighten the genetic linkage between at least two colour-pattern loci that are known to recombine in closely related species, with complete suppression of recombination being observed in experimental crosses across a 400-kilobase interval containing at least 18 genes. In natural populations, notable patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) are observed across the entire P region. The resulting divergent haplotype clades and inversion breakpoints are found in complete association with wing-pattern morphs. Our results indicate that allelic combinations at known wing-patterning loci have become locked together in a polymorphic rearrangement at the P locus, forming a supergene that acts as a simple switch between complex adaptive phenotypes found in sympatry. These findings highlight how genomic rearrangements can have a central role in the coexistence of adaptive phenotypes involving several genes acting in concert, by locally limiting recombination and gene flow.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717454/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717454/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Joron, Mathieu -- Frezal, Lise -- Jones, Robert T -- Chamberlain, Nicola L -- Lee, Siu F -- Haag, Christoph R -- Whibley, Annabel -- Becuwe, Michel -- Baxter, Simon W -- Ferguson, Laura -- Wilkinson, Paul A -- Salazar, Camilo -- Davidson, Claire -- Clark, Richard -- Quail, Michael A -- Beasley, Helen -- Glithero, Rebecca -- Lloyd, Christine -- Sims, Sarah -- Jones, Matthew C -- Rogers, Jane -- Jiggins, Chris D -- ffrench-Constant, Richard H -- 079643/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/E008836/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BBE0118451/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0900740/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2011 Aug 14;477(7363):203-6. doi: 10.1038/nature10341.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CNRS UMR 7205, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP50, 45 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. joron@mnhn.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21841803" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Butterflies/anatomy & histology/*genetics/physiology ; Chromosome Walking ; Chromosomes, Insect/*genetics ; Gene Rearrangement/*genetics ; Genes, Insect/*genetics ; Genetic Linkage/genetics ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Molecular Mimicry/*genetics/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multigene Family/genetics ; Phenotype ; Pigmentation/genetics/physiology ; Polymorphism, Genetic/*genetics ; Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology/metabolism/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    An unusual lightning flash at kennedy space center (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-07-07
    Description: A lightning flash that struck the 150-meter weather tower at Kennedy Space Center was studied by several research groups using varioul techniques. The flash had unusually large peak currents and a stepped leader of relatively short duration. The charged regions neutralized by the three return strokes were located within a horizontal layer between heights of about 6 and 8 kilometers, where environmental temperatures were about -10 degrees to -20 degrees C. The charge source for the first return stroke coincided with a vertical shaft of precipitation inferred to have been graupel or hail. Charge sources for subsequent strokes were near the edge of the detectable precipitation echo. The overall channel length was about 10 kilometers. A Vertically oriented intracloud discharge occurred after the three return strokes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Uman, M A -- Beasley, W H -- Tiller, J A -- Lin, Y T -- Krider, E P -- Weidmann, C D -- Krehbiel, P R -- Brook, M -- Few, A A Jr -- Bohannon, J L -- Lennon, C L -- Poehler, H A -- Jafferis, W -- Gulick, J R -- Nicholson, J R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Jul 7;201(4350):9-16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17777737" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Coordinated observations of sprites and in-cloud lightning flash structure (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-07
    Description: [1]  The temporal and spatial development of sprite-producing lightning flashes is examined with coordinated observations over an asymmetric mesoscale convective system (MCS) on 29 June 2011 near the Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array (LMA). Sprites produced by a total of 26 lightning flashes were observed simultaneously on video from Bennett, Colorado and Hawley, Texas, enabling a triangulation of sprites in comparison with temporal development of parent lightning (in particular, negatively charged stepped leaders) in three-dimensional space. In general, prompt sprites produced within 20 ms after the causative stroke are less horizontally displaced (typically 〈30 km) from the ground stroke than delayed sprites, which usually occur over 40 ms after the stroke with significant lateral offsets (〉30 km). However, both prompt and delayed sprites are usually centered within 30 km of the geometric center of relevant LMA sources (with affinity to negative stepped leaders) during the prior 100 ms interval. Multiple sprites appearing as dancing/jumping events associated with a single lightning flash could be produced either by distinct strokes of the flash, or by a single stroke through a series of current surges superposed on an intense continuing current, or by both. Our observations imply that sprites elongated in one direction are sometimes linked to in-cloud leader structure with the same elongation, and sprites that were more symmetric were produced above the progression of multiple negative leaders. This suggests that the large-scale structure of sprites could be affected by the in-cloud geometry of positive charge removal. Based on an expanded dataset of 39 sprite-parent flashes by including more sprites recorded by one single camera over the same MCS, the altitude (above mean sea level, MSL) of positively charged cloud region tapped by sprite-producing strokes declined gradually from ~10 km MSL (–35 °C) to around 6 km MSL (–10 °C) as the MCS evolved through the mature stage. On average, the positive charge removal by causative strokes of sprites observed on 29 June is centered at 3.6 km above the freezing level, or at 7.9 km above ground level.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9 (2004)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 429 (2004), S. 369-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Chromosome 9 is highly structurally polymorphic. It contains the largest autosomal block of heterochromatin, which is heteromorphic in 6–8% of humans, whereas pericentric inversions occur in more than 1% of the population. The finished euchromatic sequence of chromosome 9 comprises ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02465
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 13 (2004)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 428 (2004), S. 522-528 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Chromosome 13 is the largest acrocentric human chromosome. It carries genes involved in cancer including the breast cancer type 2 (BRCA2) and retinoblastoma (RB1) genes, is frequently rearranged in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and contains the DAOA locus associated with bipolar disorder ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02379
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