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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Rock fractures in geological processes (2011)
    Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge University Press
    Details Availability
    Call number: M 11.0237
    Description / Table of Contents: Content: Stress; Displacement and strain; Relation between stress and strain; Loading of brittle rock to failure; Stress concentration; Theories of brittle failure of rocks; Extension fractures and shear fractures; Displacements and driving stresses of fractures; Toughness and fracture mechanics; Field analysis of extension fractures; Field analysis of faults; Evolution of extension fractures; Evolution of faults; Fluid transport in rocks - the basics; Fluid transport in faults; Fluid transport in hydrofractures
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIV, 578 S.
    ISBN: 9780521863926
    Classification:
    Lithosphere
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Volcanotectonics : understanding the structure, deformation, and dynamics of volcanoes (2020)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Details Availability
    Call number: M 20.94054
    Description / Table of Contents: A volcanic eruption occurs when a magma-filled fracture propagates from its source to the surface. Analysing and understanding the conditions that allow this to happen constitute a major part of the scientific field of volcanotectonics. This new volume introduces this cutting-edge and interdisciplinary topic in volcanological research, which incorporates principles and methods from structural geology, tectonics, volcano-deformation studies, physical volcanology, seismology, and physics. It explains and illustrates the physical processes that operate inside volcanoes and which control the frequencies, locations, durations, and sizes of volcanic eruptions. Featuring a clear theoretical framework and helpful summary descriptions of various volcanic structures and products, as well as many worked examples and exercises, this book is an ideal resource for students, researchers and practitioners seeking an understanding of the processes that give rise to volcanic deformation, earthquakes, and eruptions.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 586 Seiten , Graphiken
    ISBN: 978-1-107-02495-3
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 3
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    11. Symposium "Tektonik, Struktur- und Kristallingeologie" : Zusammenfassungen der Tagungsbeiträge (2006)
    Göttingen : Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Details
    Description / Table of Contents: Seit nunmehr 20 Jahren findet regelmäßig alle zwei Jahre das Symposium "Tektonik, Struktur- und Kristallingeologie" statt. Die Tagung soll insbesondere jungen Nachwuchswissenschaftlern die Möglichkeit bieten, ihre Ergebnisse zu diskutieren und einem breiten Fachpublikum vorzustellen.In diesem Jahr wird schon TSK 11 durchgeführt - zum zweiten Mal nach 1994 wieder in Göttingen.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 273 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9783938616406
    URL: http://www.univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/content/list.php?details=isbn-3-938616-40-7
    Language: German
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of Volcanic Systems in Iceland: Example of Tectonism and Volcanism at Juxtaposed Hot Spot and Mid-Ocean Ridge Systems (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 28 (2000), S. 107-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Volcanic systems are swarms of tectonic fractures and basalt volcanoes formed as a result of plate-pull (as the plates are pulled apart) associated with the mid-ocean ridges and the magma dynamics of the Iceland Mantle Plume. Most systems are 40-150 km long, 5-20 km wide, and develop a central volcano. They supply magma to all eruptions in Iceland. Data obtained in the last few years have greatly improved our knowledge of their volcanotectonic environment; as a result, the geometry of the plume is better constrained, and the crust, previously considered thin (~10 km), is now modeled as thick (~20-40 km). Depending on the location of the volcanic systems, their activity either decreases or increases faulting in the two main seismic zones. From this, we can infer that emplacement of the feeder-dike to the largest historical eruption in Iceland (that of Laki in 1783) increased shear stress in the South Iceland Seismic Zone and almost certainly triggered the largest (M~7.1 in 1784) historical earthquake in Iceland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.107
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Loading of a seismic zone to failure deforms nearby volcanoes: a new earthquake precursor (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Terra nova 15 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) was loaded to failure in June 2000, resulting in two M6.6 earthquakes. The SISZ is an E–W-trending zone with an overall sinistral movement. Numerical models indicate that, when the SISZ is loaded to failure, there are stress concentrations at its ends: tensile in the north-east and south-west quadrants, and compressive in the north-west and south-east quadrants. These model predictions fit well with observations. Geodetic measurements indicate considerable compression, uplift and associated intense seismicity in recent years in the volcanoes of Hengill and Eyjafjallajokull, located in the quadrants of compression, whereas there have been unusually frequent eruptions in the past decades in the Hekla Volcano, located in one of the quadrants of extension. The models predict that following the large June 2000 earthquakes, stress relaxation within the SISZ should lead to stopping of the intense seismicity and deformation in the volcanoes of Hengill and Eyjafjallajokull, again in agreement with observations. However, when similar episodes of deformation and seismicity start again, particularly in the Hengill Volcano, a large earthquake would be expected within several years in the SISZ. The numerical models, and the deformation and seismic data, indicate that monitoring of ‘soft’ inclusions such as volcanoes (many with magma chambers) in the vicinity of a seismic zone may serve as precursors to large earthquakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2003.00481.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How hydrofractures become arrested (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Terra nova 13 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Fluids in the earth's crust are commonly transported by hydrofractures, such as dykes and mineral veins, many of which become arrested at various crustal depths. Hydrofractures are commonly arrested – some showing blunt tips – at contacts between soft (low Young's modulus) and stiff (high Young's modulus) layers. For example, many dyke tips are arrested at contacts between soft pyroclastic rocks and stiff basaltic lava flows, and vein tips at contacts between soft marl and stiff limestone. Theoretical models indicate that overpressured, buoyant hydrofractures in homogeneous, isotropic host rocks should normally reach the surface. In layered host rocks, however, abrupt changes in Young's moduli, horizontal discontinuities, and layers with unusually high fracture-perpendicular stresses encourage hydrofracture arrest. It is proposed that for layer-parallel loading, stiff layers favour hydrofracture arrest during active compression but soft layers during extension. It is concluded that for hydrofracture propagation to occur, the stress field along its potential pathway must be essentially homogenous.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00380.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the structure and formation of fracture zones (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Terra nova 5 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Studies of the oceanic fracture zones, as well as field observations of the on-land parts of a fracture zone in Iceland, show that there are numerous tension fractures, normal faults, small-scale grabens and dykes within, and trending subparallel with, the fracture zones. These structures indicate that, in addition to the shear displacement, there is considerable extension associated with the development of fracture zones and that many of them may be regarded as complex graben structures. The ridges surrounding the continents of Africa and Antarctica are examples of mid-ocean ridges that are moving away from the continental margins where they originated and therefore expanding. Here it is suggested that as the perimeter of an expanding ridge increases, the tensile stresses associated with the ridge extension may contribute to the formation of fracture zones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1993.tb00252.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation and growth of normal faults at the divergent plate boundary in Iceland (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Terra nova 4 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The divergent plate boundary in Iceland is characterized by 40–80 km long and 5–10 km wide swarms of tension fractures (∼102 m long) and normal faults (∼103 m long). The upper part of the crust is mainly composed of lava flows, with abundant columnar joints that are mostly perpendicular to the lava contacts. The lava flows are horizontal at the surface of the rift zone but become tilted at the rate of 1° for every 150 m depth in the crust. At the surface of the rift zone the joints are vertical and parallel to the vertical principal stress. Because of tilting of the lava pile, the columnar joints become oblique to this stress, hence becoming potential shear fractures, and form echelon sets at greater depths in the crust. Theoretical considerations suggest that normal faults start to nucleate on sets of en echelon columnar joints and/or large-scale tension fractures at crustal depths of 0.5–1.5 km. The width (depth) must be the smallest (controlling) dimension of many faults. Nevertheless, there is a positive linear relation (r = 0.91) between maximum throw and length of the Holocene faults. If the faults grow as self-similar structures, the throw-length relationship can be explained by a similar relation between fault length and width.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1992.tb00582.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of a 3-km-thick Miocene lava pile in the Mjoifjördur area, eastern Iceland (1995)
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 84 (1995), S. 813-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Paleomagnetism ; Stratigraphy ; Basalt lavas ; Eastern Iceland ; Upper Miocene ; Geological maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  We have carried out stratigraphic mapping in the Upper Miocene basalt lava pile around the fjords Mjoifjördur and Seydisfjördur, eastern Iceland. The mapping is based on conventional methods including the use of interbasaltic clastic horizons and petrographically distinct lava groups. These units are also used to provide correlations with the Nordfjördur area south of Mjoifjördur. We present a 3-km composite stratigraphic column for the area between Mjoifjördur and Seydisfjördur. The geology of this area shows some differences from the classical model of Walker for the structure of eastern Iceland partly due to the fact that most of Mjoifjördur is not in the vicinity of central volcanoes. Detailed laboratory measurements of remanent magnetization were carried out on oriented core samples from 363 lavas in 10 selected profiles. The local paleomagnetic polarity stratigraphy supports correlations made on the basis of other criteria. Over 20 geomagnetic reversals are recorded in the eastern Iceland lava pile in a period approximately 13–10 Ma ago. The geomagnetic field during this period averages to a central axial dipole field, and its overall statistical properties resemble those obtained in earlier surveys in Iceland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240570
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of a 3-km-thick Miocene lava pile in the Mjoifjördur area, eastern Iceland (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 84 (1995), S. 813-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Paleomagnetism ; Stratigraphy ; Basalt lavas ; Eastern Iceland ; Upper Miocene ; Geological maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We have carried out stratigraphic mapping in the Upper Miocene basalt lava pile around the fjords Mjoifjördur and Seydisfjördur, eastern Iceland. The mapping is based on conventional methods including the use of interbasaltic clastic horizons and petrographically distinct lava groups. These units are also used to provide correlations with the Nordfjördur area south of Mjoifjördur. We present a 3-km composite stratigraphic column for the area between Mjoifjördur and Seydisfjördur. The geology of this area shows some differences from the classical model of Walker for the structure of eastern Iceland partly due to the fact that most of Mjoifjördur is not in the vicinity of central volcanoes. Detailed laboratory measurements of remanent magnetization were carried out on oriented core samples from 363 lavas in 10 selected profiles. The local paleomagnetic polarity stratigraphy supports correlations made on the basis of other criteria. Over 20 geomagnetic reversals are recorded in the eastern Iceland lava pile in a period approximately 13-10 Ma ago. The geomagnetic field during this period averages to a central axial dipole field, and its overall statistical properties resemble those obtained in earlier surveys in Iceland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240570
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