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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Spitak (Armenia) earthquake of 7 December 1988: field observations, seismology and tectonics (1989)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 339 (1989), S. 675-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The epicentre of the destructive earthquake that devastated northern Armenia, the strongest in the region since historical times, is located within the Lesser Caucasus, a mountain country subjected to north–south compression by the push of the Arabian plate. A French-Soviet field expedition ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/339675a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for Central and Eastern North America (2016)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-26
    Description: A new ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) model for central and eastern North America (CENA) is presented. The Graizer 2016 (G-16) model is based on the Next Generation Attenuation-East (NGA-East) database for this horizontal peak ground acceleration and 5% damped pseudospectral acceleration RotD50 component ( Goulet et al. , 2014 ). The CENA database is not sufficient for creating purely empirical GMPE with recordings covering mostly a range of moment magnitudes M 〈6.0 and a limited number of near-fault recordings. The functional forms of the G-16 model are derived from filters representing a particular physical phenomenon affecting the seismic-wave radiation from the source, following the approach developed by Graizer and Kalkan (2007 , 2009 , and 2011 ) for active tectonic environment. Main changes in the functional forms for CENA relative to the western United States model ( Graizer and Kalkan, 2015 ) are a shift of maximum frequency of the acceleration response spectrum (RS) toward higher frequencies and an increase in RS amplitudes at high frequencies. The developed site correction is based on multiple runs of representative V S 30 profiles through SHAKE-type equivalent-linear codes. Site amplifications are calculated relative to the hard-rock definition used in nuclear industry ( V S =2800 m/s). The number of model predictors is limited to a few measurable parameters such as moment magnitude M , closest distance to fault rupture plane R rup , V S 30 , and anelastic attenuation factor Q 0 . Incorporating Q 0 as an input parameter allows adjustments based on the regional crustal properties. The model is applicable for the stable continental regions and covers the following range: 4.0≤ M ≤8.5, 0≤ R rup ≤1000 km, 450≤ V S 30 ≤2800 m/s, and frequencies 0.1≤ f ≤100 Hz.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 3
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    Summary of the GK15 Ground-Motion Prediction Equation for Horizontal PGA and 5% Damped PSA from Shallow Crustal Continental Earthquakes (2016)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: We present a revised ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) for computing medians and standard deviations of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and 5% damped pseudospectral acceleration (PSA) response ordinates of the horizontal component of randomly oriented ground motions to be used for seismic-hazard analyses and engineering applications. This GMPE is derived from the expanded Next Generation Attenuation (NGA)-West 1 database (see Data and Resources ; Chiou et al. , 2008 ). The revised model includes an anelastic attenuation term as a function of quality factor ( Q 0 ) to capture regional differences in far-source (beyond 150 km) attenuation, and a new frequency-dependent sedimentary-basin scaling term as a function of depth to the 1.5 km/s shear-wave velocity isosurface to improve ground-motion predictions at sites located on deep sedimentary basins. The new Graizer–Kalkan 2015 (GK15) model, developed to be simple, is applicable for the western United States and other similar shallow crustal continental regions in active tectonic environments for earthquakes with moment magnitudes ( M ) 5.0–8.0, distances 0–250 km, average shear-wave velocities in the upper 30 m ( V S 30 ) 200–1300 m/s, and spectral periods ( T ) 0.01–5 s. Our aleatory variability model captures interevent (between-event) variability, which decreases with magnitude and increases with distance. The mixed-effect residuals analysis reveals that the GK15 has no trend with respect to the independent predictor parameters. Compared to our 2007–2009 GMPE, the PGA values are very similar, whereas spectral ordinates predicted are larger at T 〈0.2 s and they are smaller at longer periods.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 4
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    Summary of the GK15 Ground-Motion Prediction Equation for Horizontal PGA and 5% Damped PSA from Shallow Crustal Continental Earthquakes [Article] (2016)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-15
    Description: We present a revised ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) for computing medians and standard deviations of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and 5% damped pseudospectral acceleration (PSA) response ordinates of the horizontal component of randomly oriented ground motions to be used for seismic-hazard analyses and engineering applications. This GMPE is derived from the expanded Next Generation Attenuation (NGA)-West 1 database (see Data and Resources ; Chiou et al. , 2008 ). The revised model includes an anelastic attenuation term as a function of quality factor ( Q 0 ) to capture regional differences in far-source (beyond 150 km) attenuation, and a new frequency-dependent sedimentary-basin scaling term as a function of depth to the 1.5 km/s shear-wave velocity isosurface to improve ground-motion predictions at sites located on deep sedimentary basins. The new Graizer–Kalkan 2015 (GK15) model, developed to be simple, is applicable for the western United States and other similar shallow crustal continental regions in active tectonic environments for earthquakes with moment magnitudes ( M ) 5.0–8.0, distances 0–250 km, average shear-wave velocities in the upper 30 m ( V S 30 ) 200–1300 m/s, and spectral periods ( T ) 0.01–5 s. Our aleatory variability model captures interevent (between-event) variability, which decreases with magnitude and increases with distance. The mixed-effect residuals analysis reveals that the GK15 has no trend with respect to the independent predictor parameters. Compared to our 2007–2009 GMPE, the PGA values are very similar, whereas spectral ordinates predicted are larger at T 〈0.2 s and they are smaller at longer periods.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 5
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    North Anna Nuclear Power Plant Strong-Motion Records of the Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake of 23 August 2011 (2013)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-04
    Description: The M w  5.8 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake was recorded at an epicentral distance of about 18 km at the North Anna Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) by the magnetic tape digital accelerographs installed inside the plant’s containment at the foundation and deck levels. The North Anna NPP is operated by the Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO) commonly called Dominion Power Company and has two pressurized water reactor (PWR) units that began operation in 1978 and 1980. Following the earthquake, both units were safely shut down. The strong-motion records were processed to get velocity, displacement, Fourier amplitude, and 5%-damped response spectra. The basemat record demonstrated relatively high amplitudes of acceleration of and velocity of 13.8 cm/s with a relatively short duration of strong motion of 2–3 s. The higher elevation containment-deck record had peak acceleration of and peak velocity of 26.1 cm/s. These accelerograms are the strongest ground motions ever recorded at a U.S. nuclear power plant. Basemat response spectra exceed the Design Basis Earthquake for the existing Units 1 and 2, whereas comprehensive plant inspections performed by Dominion and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission have concluded that the damage to the plant was minimal and not affecting any structures and equipment significant to plant operation. This can be explained in part by the short duration of the earthquake ground motion at the plant. The North Anna NPP did not have free-field strong-motion instrumentation at the time of the earthquake. Because the containment is founded on rock, there is a tendency to consider the basemat record as an approximation of the free-field recording. However, comparisons of deck and basemat records demonstrate that the basemat recording is also affected by structural resonances in the frequency range of 3–4 Hz and higher. Therefore, future seismological interpretation of these recordings should take into account the effect of structure.
    Print ISSN: 0895-0695
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2057
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 6
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    Comment on "Comparison of Time Series and Random-Vibration Theory Site-Response Methods" by Albert R. Kottke and Ellen M. Rathje (2014)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-04
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 7
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    Alternative (G-16v2) Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for Central and Eastern North America (2017)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-23
    Description: This article introduces new ground-motion prediction equations (GMPE) for central and eastern North America that represents an alternative, more physically justified approach to ground-motion attenuation modeling than my previous Graizer (2016) G-16 model. The new model has a bilinear slope of ~ R –1 within 70 km from the fault (confirmed by empirical data) with a slope of ~ R –0.5 at larger distances corresponding to the geometrical spreading of body and surface waves. This new (G-16v2) model is based on the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA)-East database for the horizontal peak ground acceleration and 5% damped pseudospectral acceleration RotD50 component ( Goulet et al. , 2014 ) and also on comparisons with western United States data and ground-motion simulations. Based on data, I estimated the average slope of the distance attenuation within the 50–70 km distance from the fault to be ~–1.0 at most of the frequencies supporting regular geometrical spreading of body waves. Multiple inversions are performed to estimate apparent (combination of intrinsic and scattering) attenuation of response spectral acceleration (SA) amplitudes from the NGA-East database for incorporation into the GMPE. These estimates demonstrate a difference between classical seismological Q ( f ) and the above-mentioned attenuation factor that I recommend calling Q SA ( f ). Based on residuals, I adjusted previously developed site correction ( Graizer, 2016 ) that was based on multiple runs of representative V S 30 (time-averaged shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m of the geological material) profiles through SHAKE-type equivalent-linear codes. Site amplifications are calculated relative to the hard-rock definition used in nuclear industry ( V S =2800 m/s). These improvements resulted in a modest reduction in total ( ) and within-event ( ) logarithmic standard deviations in the new G-16v2 relative to G-16 model. The number of model predictors is limited to a few measurable parameters: moment magnitude M , closest distance to fault rupture plane R rup , V S 30 , and apparent attenuation factor Q SA ( f ). The model is applicable for the stable continental regions and covers the following range: 4.0≤ M ≤8.5, 0≤ R rup ≤1000 km, 450≤ V S 30 ≤2800 m/s, and frequencies 0.1≤ f ≤100 Hz.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 8
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    The Spitak (Armenia) earthquake of 7 December 1988: field observations, seismology and tectonics (1989)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 9
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    Tilts in Strong Ground Motion (2006)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-01
    Description: Most instruments used in seismological practice to record ground motion are pendulum seismographs, velocigraphs, or accelerographs. In most cases it is assumed that seismic instruments are only sensitive to the translational motion of the instrument"s base. In this study the full equation of pendulum motion, including the inputs of rotations and tilts, is considered. It is shown that tilting the accelerograph's base can severely impact its response to the ground motion. The method of tilt evaluation using uncorrected strong-motion accelerograms was first suggested by Graizer (1989), and later tested in several laboratory experiments with different strong-motion instruments. The method is based on the difference in the tilt sensitivity of the horizontal and vertical pendulums. The method was applied to many of the strongest records of the M (sub w) 6.7 Northridge earthquake of 1994. Examples are shown when relatively large tilts of up to a few degrees occurred during strong earthquake ground motion. Residual tilt extracted from the strong-motion record at the Pacoima Dam-Upper Left Abutment reached 3.1 degrees in N45 degrees E direction, and was a result of local earthquake-induced tilting due to high-amplitude shaking. This value is in agreement with the residual tilt measured by using electronic level a few days after the earthquake. The method was applied to the building records from the Northridge earthquake. According to the estimates, residual tilt reached 2.6 degrees on the ground floor of the 12-story Hotel in Ventura. Processing of most of the strongest records of the Northridge earthquake shows that tilts, if happened, were within the error of the method, or less than about 0.5 degrees .
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 10
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    Strong Motion Recordings and Residual Displacements: What Are We Actually Recording in Strong Motion Seismology? (2010)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0895-0695
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2057
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Seismological Society of America
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