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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct selection of galactokinase-negative mutants of Candida albicans using 2-deoxy-galactose (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 203-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Galactokinase ; Mutant selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The galactose analogue 2-deoxy-galactose (2DG) has been widely used to select for mutations in the gene encoding the galactose pathway enzyme galactokinase (GalK). We have tested the effect of 2DG on Candida albicans to see if it could be used to obtain GalK- mutants in this diploid asexual yeast. 2DG was shown to be toxic to wild-type cells. Enzyme assays demonstrated that 2DG can induce GalK as efficiently as galactose. Examination of the initital rate of galactose uptake indicated that the galactose transport system is constitutive. 2DG-resistant mutants were isolated from mutagenized cultures and shown to have very low levels of GalK activity. The potential genetic applications of this system of direct mutant selection are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336842
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA translocations contribute to chromosome length polymorphisms in Candida albicans (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 22 (1992), S. 93-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA translocations ; Electrophoretic karyotype ; Candida albicans ; Gene mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rotating-gel electrophoresis and DNA hybridization were used to compare the electrophoretic karyotype of six Candida albicans isolates. The hybridization pattern for 22 cloned sequences, including eight previously unmapped genes, indicates that there are eight pair of homologous chromosomes in each strain. However, since homologous chromosomes can differ in length, it is possible to resolve more than eight bands in some strains. The mapping data demonstrate that linkage groups are generally conserved suggesting that, in spite of gross karyotype differences, there is an underlying similarity in the genome organization of different isolates. The hybridization data also provide direct evidence that DNA translocations and reciprocal translocations contribute to chromosome length polymorphisms in C. albicans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351467
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification, characterization and sequence of Candida albicans repetitive DNAs Rel-1 and Rel-2 (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 455-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Repetitive DNA ; Pulse-field gel electrophoresis ; Candida albicans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two moderately repetitive DNA elements, Rel-1 and Rel-2, were identified in a screen for clones that hybridized to a Candida albicans minichromosome. Rel-1, a 223-bp sequence, is C. albicans-specific. The 2789-bp Rel-2 sequence hybridizes weakly to C. stellatoidia DNA but not to DNA from several other yeast species. Genomic Southern-blot analysis indicated that Rel-1 and Rel-2 are often closely associated in the genome, suggesting that they may be subsequences of a larger repetitive element. Small subrepeats are located in the nucleotide sequence of both clones. Hybridization demonstrated that Rel-2 contains both repetitive and unique DNA sequences. The repetitive DNA is present on most, and perhaps all, C. albicans chromosomes. The unique sequence maps to chromosome 7; however, in some strains, it is also present on additional chromosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312634
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method of indirect mutant selection in Physarum polycephalum using the antibiotic netropsin (1974)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 133 (1974), S. 345-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A method of indirect mutant selection, analogous to the bacterial penicillin technique, has been developed for Physarum polycephalum. The antibiotic netropsin was found to be lethal to growing but not to nongrowing (cycloheximide inhibited) myxamoebae. In reconstruction experiments, a 200 fold enrichment of cycloheximide sensitive over cycloheximide resistant cells was obtained. This technique was used to isolate temperature sensitive mutants. The mutant frequency among survivors was increased at least 40 fold by netropsin selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332710
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of a Candida albicans gene that encodes a novel mechanism for resistance to benomyl and methotrexate (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 227 (1991), S. 318-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; Benomyl ; Methotrexate ; Drug resistance ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans, is insensitive to the anti-mitotic drug, benomyl, and to the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, methotrexate. Genes responsible for the intrinsic drug resistance were sought by transforming Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast sensitive to both drugs, with genomic C. albicans libraries and screening on benomyl or methotrexate. Restriction analysis of plasmids isolated from benomyl- and methotrexate-resistant colonies indicated that both phenotypes were encoded by the same DNA fragment. Sequence analysis showed that the fragments were nearly identical and contained a long open reading frame of 1694 bp (ORF1) and a small ORF of 446 bp (ORF2) within ORF1 on the opposite strand. By site-directed mutagenesis, it was shown that ORF1 encoded both phenotypes. The protein had no sequence similarity to any known proteins, including β-tubulin, dihydrofolate reductase, and the P-glycoprotein of the multi-drug resistance family. The resistance gene was detected in several C. albicans strains and in C. stellatoidea by DNA hybridization and by the polymerase chain reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00259685
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of physarum DNA segments that support autonomous replication in yeast (1981)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 183 (1981), S. 306-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Hybrid plasmids containing the bacterial resistance-transfer factor pBR322 and the yeast leu2 +gene have been used to isolate DNA fragments of Physarum that are capable of initiating DNA replication in a yeast host. Five of forty hybrid plasmids containing Physarum sequences transform leu2 -yeast to Leu+ at high frequency. The resulting Leu+ transformants are characterized by phenotypic instability. Supercoiled plasmid molecules containing pBR322 sequences can be detected in the transformed yeast, indicating that the transforming DNA replicates autonomously. Plasmid DNA isolated from Leu+ yeast can transform leuB bacteria. The hybrid plasmid recovered from the Leu+ bacterial transformants is identical to the original plasmid, indicating structural integrity is maintained during passage through the yeast host. These hybrid plasmids containing Physarum sequences have the same characteristics as those containing autonomously replicating yeast chromosomal sequences. As the temporal sequence of DNA replication is particularly accessible to study in Physarum plasmodia, the functional significance of these segments should be amenable to study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270633
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of genes from Candida albicans by complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1985)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 200 (1985), S. 500-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A genomic library of the asexual pathogenic yeast Candida albicans was constructed in the S. cerevisiae vector YEp13. The library contains a representation of the entire genome with a probability of 99%. The expression of the genes of C. albicans in S. cerevisiae was examined and two mutations his3-1 and trp1-289 of S. cerevisiae were complemented by the cloned genes of C. albicans. The hybridization data indicates that the plasmids complementing the mutations of S. cerevisiae contain sequences from C. albicans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425739
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisomycin sensitive mutants of Physarum polycephalum isolated by cyst selection (1977)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 151 (1977), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The haploid myxamoebae of Physarum polycephalum reversibly differentiate to form dormant microcysts under conditions of starvation. The thin-walled cysts can be selective recovered from a cell suspension which has been treated with the surfactant Triton X-100 to lyse amoeboid forms. Excystment, which is initiated by suspension in liquid medium, is inhibited by antibiotics which block protein synthesis. Cysts of drug resistant mutants excyst rapidly in media containing sufficient antibiotic to maintain drug sensitive strains in the encysted state. The selective survival of non-excysted cells following Triton X-100 treatment has been employed to enrich for drug sensitive mutants. Several anisomycin sensitive mutants have been isolated, one of which has been analysed genetically. The possible applications of this mutant enrichment technique are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00268788
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutations affecting the initiation of plasmodial development in Physarum polycephalum (1979)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 1 (1979), S. 47-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: developmental mutants of Physarum ; apogamic mutants ; the amoebal-plasmodial transition ; myxomycete genetics ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the heterothallic myxomycete Physarum polycephalum, uninucleate amoebae normally differentiate into syncytial plasmodia following heterotypic mating. In order to study the genetic control of this developmental process, mutations affecting the amoebal-plasmodial transition have been sought. Numerous mutants characterized by self-fertility have been isolated. The use of alkylating mutagens increases the mutant frequency over the spontaneous level but does not alter the mutant spectrum. Three spontaneous and 14 induced mutants have been analyzed genetically. In each, the mutation appears to be linked to the mating type locus. In three randomly selected mutants, the nuclear DNA content is the same in amoebae and plasmodia, indicating that amoebal syngamy does not precede plasmodium development in these strains. These results indicate that a highly specific type of mutational event, occurring close to or within the mating type locus, can abolish the requirement for syngamy normally associated with plasmodial differentiation. These mutations help define a genomic region regulating the switch from amoebal to plasmodial growth.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020010106
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation to trichodermin and anisomycin in Physarum polycephalum (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 92 (1977), S. 447-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effects of the protein synthesis inhibitors trichodermin and anisomycin on the growth of the eucaryotic myxomycete Physarum polycephalum have been examined. When either of these drugs is added to log phase monoxenic cultures of myxamoebae, cell division is immediately arrested, but on continued incubation, growth resumes at a rate only slightly lower than that of drug free cultures. The length of the drug induced growth lag is roughly proportional to drug concentration. When adapted cells are transferred to fresh drug containing medium, growth is not inhibited. However, if the drug concentration is increased, transient inhibition is again exhibited. Measurement of the antibiotic concentration in used media demonstrates no significant external inactivation of either drug during adaptation. The resumption of growth cannot be attributed to the selection of stable drug-resistant mutants: single amoebal colonies arising on drug plates are found to be as drug-sensitive as control colonies when retested after subculture. In addition, when adapted cells are transferred to drug free medium, the phenotypic drug-resistance is completely lost after several generations of growth. As recovery occurs in the continuous presence of drug and is not due to the accumulation of drug-resistant mutants, this response appears to be an example of drug adaptation. Cross adaptation between anisomycin and trichodermin is also demonstrated, suggesting a common system is involved in adaptation to these structurally dissimilar, but functionally similar, drugs.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040920312
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