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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unstable social structure associated with a population crash in the Tasmanian native hen, Tribonyx mortierii
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Animal Behaviour 46 (1993), S. 1013-1016 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3472
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1993.1284
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parentage analysis of multi-male social groups of tasmanian native hens (Tribonyx mortierii): genetic evidence for monogamy and polyandry (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 363-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Polyandry ; DNA fingerprinting ; Male reproductive success ; Tasmanian native hens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Accurate estimates of male reproductive success are essential to understanding the evolution of polyandrous mating systems. Here, we use multilocus DNA fingerpinting to assess parentage in an island population of Tasmanian native hens (Tribonyx mortierii), which often live in multi-male and/or multi-female social groups. This isolated population presented special challenges to this technique because it was artificially founded from a small number of individuals in the recent past. DNA profiles from four multilocus minisatellite probes were analyzed for adults and offspring from six social groups using two methods: (1) significance of band-sharing coefficients and (2) distribution among a group's offspring of fragments unique to certain adults. Traditional band-sharing analyses did not provide sufficient resolution to establish parentage in this population due to the high level of band-sharing between adults within groups. In contrast, the distribution of unique fragments suggests that in most cases, all offspring within a group have the same male and female genetic parents, so that monogamy may be the predominant “genetic” mating system of this species. This forces a rexamination of the evolutionary basis of polyandry in these birds. It also demonstrates some of the difficulties in using these highly polymorphic genetic markers for parentage analyses when putative parents are closely related.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00184425
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parentage analysis of multi-male social groups of tasmanian native hens (Tribonyx mortierii): genetic evidence for monogamy and polyandry (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 363-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Polyandry ; DNA fingerprinting ; Male reproductive success ; Tasmanian native hens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Accurate estimates of male reproductive success are essential to understanding the evolution of polyandrous mating systems. Here, we use multilocus DNA fingerpinting to assess parentage in an island population of Tasmanian native hens (Tribonyx mortierii), which often live in multi-male and/or multi-female social groups. This isolated population presented special challenges to this technique because it was artificially founded from a small number of individuals in the recent past. DNA profiles from four multilocus minisatellite probes were analyzed for adults and offspring from six social groups using two methods: (1) significance of band-sharing coefficients and (2) distribution among a group's offspring of fragments unique to certain adults. Traditional band-sharing analyses did not provide sufficient resolution to establish parentage in this population due to the high level of band-sharing between adults within groups. In contrast, the distribution of unique fragments suggests that in most cases, all offspring within a group have the same male and female genetic parents, so that monogamy may be the predominant “genetic” mating system of this species. This forces a rexamination of the evolutionary basis of polyandry in these birds. It also demonstrates some of the difficulties in using these highly polymorphic genetic markers for parentage analyses when putative parents are closely related.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050107
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Management of closed-system marine aquariums (1970)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 20 (1970), S. 637-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The major changes which take place in a captive body of sea water include decreases in alkaline reserve, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Inorganic nitrogen compounds, carbon dioxide, phosphates, dissolved organic compounds and bacteria increase in concentration. 2. Methods which have been applied to reduce the rates of these changes in semiclosed systems include buffers, nitrification by bacteria, ozonation, ion-exchange resins, protein foaming, ultraviolet light, microfiltration and dilution of the culture medium. 3. Design criteria for a basic culture system include, forOctopus bimaculatus: (a) 500 liters of medium per kg of animal; (b) a 0.1 m3 filter bed consisting of 2–5 mm grains of magnesium — bearing calcium carbonate; (c) a flow rate of 80 l per m2 of filter bed per min; and (d) replacement of 25% of the culture medium per month. 4. Similar systems will support heavier loads of hardier animals, e.g. up to 7 kg ofHomarus americanus.
    Notes: Kurzfassung In geschlossenen Meerwasser-systemen, die mit marinen Tieren besetzt sind, verringern sich die Alkali-Reserve, der pH-Wert und der O2-Gehalt, während die Konzentration anorganischer Stickstoffverbindungen, des CO2, der Phosphate, der gelösten organischen Substanzen und der Bakterien zunimmt. Es wurde daher eine Konstruktion für ein einfaches rezirkulierendes Meerwassersystem entwickelt, das diese Veränderungen der Wasserqualität verringert und einen guten Zustand gehälteter Meerestiere gewährleistet. Dieses System wird in seinem Aufbau beschrieben. Die gewonnenen Erfahrungen haben gezeigt, daß ein Wasservolumen von 500 l und eine Wasserfiltration von 80 l/m2/min bei einem Filterbrett von 0,1 m3 (bestehend aus einer 2–5 mm dicken Schicht Mghaltigem CaCO3) für 1 kgOctopus bimaculatus, 5 kgStrongylocentrotus purpuratus oder 7 kgHomarus vulgaris zugrunde gelegt werden kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01609936
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative perspective on the evolution of tamarin and marmoset social systems (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 11 (1990), S. 63-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: callitrichids ; polyandry ; helping ; twinning ; paternal care
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tamarins and marmosets (callitrichids) present an unusual opportunity for study of the determinants of primate social systems, because both the mating and infant care patterns of callitrichids are variable, even within individual populations. In this paper, I briefly describe three characteristics of callitrichid social systems that distinguish them from most other primates: extensive male parental care, helping by nonreproductive individuals, and variable mating patterns. I then discuss the evolution of these characteristics and of the frequent twinning exhibited by callitrichids. I suggest that an ancestor of modern callitrichids gave birth to a single offspring at a time, mated monogamously, and had significant paternal care. The idea that males of this ancestral form must have provided paternal care, even though only single infants were born, derives from a comparison of litter/mother weight ratios in modern primate species. Twinning perhaps then evolved because of a combination of dwarfing in the callitrichid lineage, leading to higher litter/mother weight ratios, and a high infant mortality rate, and because the extensive paternal care already present facilitated the raising of twins. I propose that the helping behavior of older offspring may have coevolved with twinning, because helpers would have increased the chances of survival of twins, and the presence of twins would have increased the benefits of helping. Finally, the high costs of raising twins and the variability of group compositions, especially the fact that some groups would not have had older offspring to serve as helpers, may have selected for facultative polyandry in saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) and perhaps in other callitrichid species. Both helping and cooperative polyandry have been extensively studied in bird species, and I apply some of the conclusions of these studies to the discussion of the evolution of callitrichid social systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02193696
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the mating system of the cooperatively breeding saddle-backed tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis) (1985)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 16 (1985), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper reports on 5 years of observatiors of individually marked saddle-backed tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis, Callitrichidae). Although callitrichids have long been presumed to have a monogamous social system, this study shows that the breeding structure of saddle-back tamarin groups is highly variable. Groups most commonly include two or more adult males and a single reproductive female, but occasionally contain only a single pair of adults, or less often, two reproductively active females and one or more males. Data on group compositions, group formations, intergroup movements and copulations show that the social and mating systems of this species are more flexible than those of any other non-human primate yet studied. Infants (usually twins) were cared for by all group members. There were two classes of helpers: young, nonreproductive individuals who helped to care for full or half siblings, and cooperatively polyandrous males who cared for infants whom they may have fathered. The observations suggest that non-reproductive helpers may benefit from their helping behavior through a combination of inclusive fitness gains, reciprocal altruism, and the value of gaining experience at parental care.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295541
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social relationships in a cooperatively polyandrous group of tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) (1989)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 24 (1989), S. 79-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper presents detailed data on the social relationships among the adults, and between the adults and young, of a cooperatively polyandrous saddle-back tamarin (Saguinus fusciollis; Callitrichidae) group studied for one year. Some data are also presented from groups studied in other years. Adult males in the study groups gave more grooming than they received, while the opposite was true for females (e.g. Fig. 1). The two polyandrous males in the main study group were very rarely aggressive to each other, rarely tried to disrupt each others' copulations, groomed each other, and occasionally shared food, suggesting that their relationship was more affiliative than agonistic. Data on grooming (Fig. 2), spatial relationships, and the initiation of copulations suggest that the males of this group, may have been somewhat more responsible than the female for the maintenance of male-female relationships. Both males and females performed all forms of parental care except lactation. In the main study group each of the males groomed the offspring and remained in close proximity to them more than did the female (Figs.3 and 4). These data are compared with existing data on social relationships in bird species that exhibit cooperative polyandry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299639
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Facultative polyandry and the role of infant-carrying in wild saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) (1987)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 20 (1987), S. 99-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wild saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) in southeastern Peru have a variable mating system that can differ both between territories at any one time and within territories over time. Groups are usually monogamous or cooperatively polyandrous, but are occasionally even polygynous. This study addressed the following questions: why does this population contain both monogamous and polyandrous groups simultaneously? What factors determine whether specific groups are monogamous or polyandrous? The data from this study population tentatively support the hypothesis that adults should mate monogramously only if they have nonreproductive helpers (usually older offspring) to help rear infants. Without helpers, the reproductive success of both males and females is hypothesized to be higher, on average, if they mate polyandrously than if they mate monogamously. The proposed benefits of polyandry to males and females differ quantitatively, but in both cases benefits stem from the help that males provide in rearing young. The following results support this hypothesis. (1) Lone pairs were never seen to attempt breeding, and calculations suggest that the costs of lactation and infant-carrying are too great for lone pairs to have a high probability of being able to raise twin offspring (the normal litter size). (2) Polyandrous males and nonreproductive offspring contributed substantially to infant care, particularly infant-carrying (fig. 2). (3) Adult males carried infants approximately twice as often as did lactating females, presumably because of the combined costs of (a) lactation (Fig. 3) and (b) infant-carrying (Fig. 4). The proximate causes of cooperative polyandry inS. fuscicollis appear to be different from those responsible in several bird species, showing that cooperative polyandry is a complex phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572631
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  • 9
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    Shy female kangaroos seek safety in numbers and have fewer preferred friendships (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-27
    Description: Personality and behavioral syndromes are of significant interest to a wide range of biological disciplines. Recent research using network analysis techniques has revealed widespread variation among individuals in sociability, which is a major axis of personality that creates the social microenvironment in which individuals express all other behaviors. We investigated the relationship between sociability and boldness, another fundamental personality axis, using a wild population of eastern grey kangaroos ( Macropus giganteus ) tested in their natural environment. We studied 2 dimensions of sociability (grouping behavior and association patterns). Over 2 years we found significant within-individual consistency and interindividual variation in the foraging group sizes of 171 females. Network analysis comparisons of 103 females between the years, using HWIG (an association index that controls for gregariousness), showed that individuals were also highly consistent in their social network measures. We tested the boldness of 51 of these females 6–21 times each over 18 months, using flight initiation distance tests; individuals were also highly consistent in this measure of personality. Shy females had significantly larger mean foraging group sizes. After controlling for gregariousness and space use, shy females had fewer preferred associates than bolder females. Therefore, boldness can have an important influence on the size and composition of foraging groups and thus social networks, in wild mammals.
    Print ISSN: 1045-2249
    Electronic ISSN: 1465-7279
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Philopatry of male marine turtles inferred from mitochondrial DNA markers (1997)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-05
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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