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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 13 (1978), S. 131-136 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 27 (1992), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Tungsten has often been reported in marine ferromanganese deposits and the question arises as to how the large oxyanionic species (WO 4 2- ) enters the appropriate phases. Very low W concentrations in seawater (less than 0.0002 μg/kg) suggest that it is not directly related to precipitation processes. Of all the comparable marine samples, manganese micronodules have the highest W contents, in the range 1.4 to 3.6 times, 3 higher than in the associated macronodules. A depositional record for more than 60 million years obtained for a thick manganese crust shows that the tungsten distribution with depth correlates best with As and to a lesser extent with Fe. The mechanism favoured for enrichment of W is precipitation onto fine hydrothermal manganese-rich particles supplied by ridge volcanic activity. Such particle plumes are usually released in cycles, stay for comparatively long periods in the water column, and are then transported from the hydrothermal centres to the deep basins where they settle and probably contribute to the growth of ferromanganese oxide phases on the ocean floor which is mainly by diagenetic and hydrogenetic processes.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 400 (1999), S. 105-105 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SirJapan now has a greater scientific output than the United Kingdom, judging by the 1997 Japanese white paper (consultation document) on science and technology. The figures for 1995 clearly show that Japan ranks second only to the United States in terms of scientific output. ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 222 (1969), S. 376-377 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The samples were collected during the RRS Discovery Indian Ocean Expedition of 1967. Sample 6243 No. 1 from the Gulf of Aden consisted of coexisting phases of 10 A and 7 A manganite and was significantly enriched in manganese and depleted in iron and trace elements compared with deep sea specimens. ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @island arc 5 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1440-1738
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mass balance calculations indicate that the potential supply of metals resulting from subduction of oceanic crust and sediment far exceeds that required for mineralization in island ares. Subduction of oceanic crust is more important than that of sediment in supplying these metals and the subduction of manganese nodules makes only a negligible contribution. The nature and extent of mineralization in island ares therefore depend on the nature, geometry and rate of subduction. In the Pacific, two types of subduction system occur: the high-stress (Chilean) type, characterized by shallow subduction and the formation of porphyry copper deposits in andesitic ares, and the low-stress (Mariana) type, characterized by deep subduction and the formation of Kuroko deposits in the back-arc basin, and porphyry copper and epithermal gold deposits in the island are. Kuroko deposits are analogous to the epithermal deposits but are formed from saline hydrothermal fluids under much higher hydrostatic pressure.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The manganese deposits occur in a small area on the flanks of the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge at 2656'S, 17737'W, in a water depth of 1,700 m. The Tonga-Kermadec Ridge is a volcani-cally active feature stretching from Tonga to New Zealand, and constitutes the overriding edge of the Austral-Indian Plate. ...
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Zusammensetzung von Säure-unlöslichen Rückstands- und Hydrolysat-Fraktionen von Manganknollen längs einer Traverse im äquatorialen Pazifik (zwischen 16°30′N und 20°S auf 134°W, inklusive der Aitutaki Passage), wie auch aus dem Peru-Becken wurde bestimmt. Schwankungen im Durchschnittsgehalt des Säure-unlöslichen Rückstandes der Knollen reichen nicht aus, um die Variationen in der Gesamtelementzusammensetzung der Knollen zu erklären. Schwankungen in der Knollenzusammensetzung zwischen der Zone “hoher Produktivität” im äquatorialen Pazifik und der Zone “niederer Produktivität” im SW Pazifik entsprechen daher ursprünglichen Unterschieden in der Zusammensetzung der authigenen Phase (Hydrolysat-Fraktion) der Knollen und nicht nur einer Verdünnung durch lithogenes Material. Röntgen-diffraktions-Analysen des Säure-unlöslichen Rückstandes liefert keine Anhaltspunkte gegen vulkanischen Ursprung dieses Materials. Baryt kommt in den Säure-unlöslichen Rückständen von Knollen der äquatorialen Zone “hoher Produktivität” vor und ist hier Wirts-Mineral für Barium. In der Hydrolysat-Fraktion der Knollen sind hohe Mn/Fe-Verhältnisse und hohe Ni, Cu und Zn-Gehalte längs eines ziemlich engen, ungefähr 500 km breiten Bandes an den Rändern beider Seiten der Zone “hoher Produktivität” am deutlichsten ausgeprägt. Der Einfluß biogener Vorgänge, z.B. die In-situ-Lösung kieseliger Relikte in Sedimenten, scheint der wichtigste kontrollierende Faktor für diese Vorgänge zu sein. Die Abfolge der Anreicherung von Elementen in Knollen, die auf diesen Vorgang zurückgeht, ist ungefähr Cu→Ni→Zn→Mn. Cu ist deshalb das am stärksten biogen angereicherte Element in den Knollen aus den äquatorialen Bereichen. Die biogene Zufuhr von Cu ist ungefähr 5,5 mal so groß wie die aus Meereswasser in der Zone “höchster Produktivität”. Sowohl die Mn/Fe- wie die Cu/Ni-Verhältnisse der Knollen ändern sich systematisch, wenn man den Äquator überquert. Die Überprüfung älterer Daten zeigt, daß Knollen aus dem Bereich unterhalb der durch niedrige Produktivität gekennzeichneten, subtropischen antizyklonischen Spiralen sowohl im Nord- wie im Süd-Pazifik durch Mn/Fe-Verhältnisse um 1 und durch niedrige Ni+Cu-Gehalte gekennzeichnet sind. Die Zusammensetzungen von Knollen im Nord- und Süd-Pazifik scheint deshalb symmetrisch zueinander angeordnet zu sein. Mangankrusten unterscheiden sich eindeutig von Knollen, sowohl was den Prozentgehalt an Säure-unlöslichem Rückstand wie auch die Zusammensetzung der Hydrolysat-Fraktion betrifft. Die Hauptfaktoren, die die Verbreitung von Knollen auf dem Meeresboden (quartäre Sedimentionsrate) und deren Gehalte bestimmen (In-situ-Lösung silikatischer Rückstände in den Sedimenten) sind offensichtlich verschieden. Die Beobachtung vonMenard undFrazer, daß eine inverse Korrelation zwischen Gehalten und Verbreitung von Knollen besteht, trifft deshalb nicht ausschließlich zu. Wegen der höheren Karbonat-Gehalte von Sedimenten im äquatorialen Süd-Pazifik ist die Verbreitung von Knollen geringer als im äquatorialen Nord-Pazifik, wo erodierende Strömungen auf dem Meeresboden seit dem Untermiozän wenig aktiv waren. Obwohl Knollen aus dem äquatorialen Süd-Pazifik ähnliche Metallgehalte haben als die des äquatorialen Nord-Pazifik, können sie wegen ihrer geringen Verbreitung doch nicht als wirtschaftlich interessant betrachtet werden.
    Notes: Summary The composition of the acid-insoluble residue and hydrolysate fraction of manganese nodules along an equatorial Pacific transect between 16°30′N and 20°S at 134°W (including the Aitutaki Passage) as well as the Peru Basin has been determined. Variations in the average % acid-insoluble residue of the nodules along the transect are observed but are not sufficient to account for the variations in the bulk element compositions of the nodules. Variations in nodule composition between the equatorial Pacific high productivity zone and the S.W. Pacific low productivity zone therefore reflect genuine differences in the composition of the authigenic phase (hydrolysate fraction) of the nodules and not merely dilution by lithogenous material. X-ray diffraction analyses of the acid-insoluble residue of the nodules are not incompatible with a volcanic origin for this material. Barite is found in the acid-insoluble residue of nodules from the equatorial high productivity zone and is a host mineral for barium in these nodules. In the hydrolysate fraction of the nodules, high Mn/Fe rations and high Ni, Cu and Zn contents of the nodules are most pronounced in a fairly narrow band about 500 km wide on the margins on either side of the equatorial high productivity zone. The influence of biogenic processes (i.e. thein situ dissolution of siliceous tests in the sediment column) appears to be the main factor controlling this process. The enrichment sequence of elements in nodules due to this process lies in the approximate sequence Cu〉Ni〉Zn〉 Mn. Cu is therefore the most biogenically enriched element in nodules in the equatorial regions. The biogenic supply of Cu is about 5.5 times that of seawater in the zone of maximum productivity. Both the Mn/Fe and Cu/Ni ratios of the nodules vary systematically across the equator. Examinations of pre-existing data show that nodules from beneath the low productivity subtropical anticyclonic gyres of both the central North and South Pacific are characterized by Mn/Fe ratios of the order of unity and low Ni+Cu contents. The compositions of nodules in the North and South Pacific therefore appear to some extent to be mirror images of one another. Manganese crusts appear to be quite distinct from nodules in both their % acid-insoluble residue and composition of the hydrolysate fraction. The principal factors controlling nodule abundance on the sea floor (Quaternary sedimentation rate) and grade (in situ dissolution of siliceous test in sediment column) appear to be quite different. Menard and Frazer's observation of an inverse correlation between nodule grade and abundance is therefore not strictly valid. Because of the higher carbonate contents of sediments in the equatorial S. Pacific, nodule abundances are lower there than in the equatorial N. Pacific where erosive bottom currents have been active since the lower Miocene. Whilst nodules from the equatorial S. Pacific have similar grade to those of the equatorial N. Pacific, they cannot be considered economic because of their lower abundance.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary ; Mass extinction ; Deccan Traps ; Environmental stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  A review of the scenarios for the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary event is presented and a coherent hypothesis for the origin of the event is formulated. Many scientists now accept that the event was caused by a meteorite impact at Chicxulub in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Our investigations show that the oceans were already stressed by the end of the Late Cretaceous as a result of the long-term drop in atmospheric CO2, the long-term drop in sea level and the frequent development of oceanic anoxia. Extinction of some marine species was already occurring several million years prior to the K/T boundary. The biota were therefore susceptible to change. The eruption of the Deccan Traps, which began at 66.2 Ma, coincides with the K/T boundary events. It erupted huge quantities of H2SO4, HCl, CO2, dust and soot into the atmosphere and led to a significant drop in sea level and marked changes in ocean temperature. The result was a major reduction in oceanic productivity and the creation of an almost dead ocean. The volcanism lasted almost 0.7 m.y.. Extinction of biological species was graded and appeared to correlate with the main eruptive events. Elements such as Ir were incorporated into the volcanic ash, possibly on soot particles. This horizon accumulated under anoxic conditions in local depressions and became the marker horizon for the K/T boundary. An oxidation front penetrated this horizon leading to the redistribution of elements. The eruption of the Deccan Traps is the largest volcanic event since the Permian–Triassic event at 245 Ma. It followed a period of 36 m.y. in which the earth's magnetic field failed to reverse. Instabilities in the mantle are thought to be responsible for this eruption and therefore for the K/T event. We therefore believe that the K/T event can be explained in terms of the effects of the Deccan volcanism on an already stressed biosphere. The meteorite impact at Chicxulub took place after the onset of Deccan volcanism. It probably played a regional, rather than a global, role in the K/T extinctions.
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