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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 15 (1965), S. 227-250 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Hauptziel der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung einer 198jährigen Reihe von Schnee-Akkumulationswerten am Südpol. Zunächst wird durch einen Vergleich mit direkten Messungen für die Jahre 1958 bis 1963 gezeigt, daß die stratigraphisch bestimmten Jahresschichten als repräsentativ für den Netto-Jahres-Schneeniederschlag angesehen werden können. Die verschiedenen Fehlerquellen werden diskutiert und ihr Einfluß auf die nachfolgende Analyse des säkularen Ganges wird geprüft. Die Streuung der jährlichen Akkumulationswerte erweist sich als etwas geringer als die langjähriger Niederschlagsreihen von Stationen in hohen Breiten bzw. großer Höhenlage. Mittels einer Varianzanalyse (Streuungszerlegung) wird sodann gezeigt, daß die beobachteteZunahme der Akkumulationswerte, von etwa 5.4 Gramm/cm2 pro Jahr im Mittel der ersten 66 Jahre (1760 bis 1825) auf etwa 7.5 Gramm/cm2 pro Jahr im Mittel der letzten 66 Jahre, mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeitnicht durch Zufall allein bedingt sein kann. Eine Autokorrelationsrechnung mit 1 bis 12 Jahren Zeitverzug ergibt, daß die Beobachtungsreihe keine signifikanten Perioden dieser Größenordnung enthält. Schließlich werden noch stratigraphische Messungen in größerer Tiefe des Südpol-Schachts (Jahre vor 1760), in denen die Jahresschichten weniger klar nachweisbar sind, besprochen.
    Abstract: Résumé Le but principal du présent travail est l'étude d'une série de 198 ans des valeurs de l'accumulation de la neige au pôle sud. On démontre tout d'abord que les couches annuelles déterminées stratigraphiquement peuvent être considérées comme représentatives des précipitations neigeuses nettes de l'année. Pour cela, on se sert par comparaison de mesures directes faites de 1958 à 1963. On discute diverses sources d'erreurs et examine leur influence sur l'analyse subséquente de l'évolution séculaire. La dispersion des accumulations annuelles est légèrement plus faible que celle des longues séries de mesure des précipitations effectuées soit à des latitudes élevées soit à grande altitude. Au moyen d'une analyse des variances, on démontre quel'augmentation des valeurs de l'accumulation de 5,4 g/cm2 environ (en moyenne annuelle) des 66 premières années (1760 à 1825) à 7,5 g/cm2 par année en moyenne des 66 dernières années n'est très probablementpas due au hasard. Un calcul de corrélations (autocorrélation) fait avec un décalage de 1 à 12 ans montre que la série d'observations ne présente pas de périodes significatives de cet ordre de grandeur. On discute enfin les mesures stratigraphiques effectuées à plus grandes profondeurs au moyen du puits creusé au pôle sud (années antérieures à 1760), mesures pour lesquelles les couches annuelles sont moins bien prononcées.
    Notes: Summary The reliability of mean and annual net accumulation values determined at the South Pole from stratigraphic studies is demonstrated by a comparison with measurements of snow accumulation made at stake networks from 1958 to 1963. The annual values in the series 1760–1957 are used to compute the temporal variability of accumulation. The procedure to estimate the errors in the identification of annual layers is discussed, and the significance of these errors in the analysis of the series is examined. The variability of the 198 annual accumulation values is slightly less than that of precipitation series obtained at two stations, one at high latitude and one at high elevation. A variance analysis of the South Pole series indicates that there is, with a high degree of probability, an increase in the rate of snow accumulation with time not due to chance, from approximately 5.4 g·cm−2·yr−1 in the first 66 years (1760–1825) to approximately 7.5 g·cm−2·yr−1 in the last 66 years of the series. The area of the region for which there is a positive secular change in the rate of accumulation during the last 200 years remains unknown. The serial correlation computed for time lags from one to twelve years shows that significant periodicities do not exist in this series. The identification of annual layers in five isolated sets comprising from 4 to 8 layers each and included in the period 1536±42–1760±13 suggests that the mean accumulation for the period circa 1550–1750 is approximately the same as that determined in the 1760–1957 series.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Changes of mean annual net accumulation at the surface on the grounded ice sheets of East Antarctica, West Antarctica and Greenland in response to variations in sea ice extent are estimated using grid-point values 100 km apart. The data bases are assembled principally by bilinear interpolation of remotely sensed brightness temperature (Nimbus-5 ESMR, Nimbus-7 SMMR), surface temperature (Nimbus-7 THIR), and surface elevation (ERS-1 radar altimeter). These data, complemented by field data where remotely sensed data are not available, are used in multivariate analyses in which mean annual accumulation (derived from firn emissivity) is the dependent variable; the independent variables are latitude, surface elevation, mean annual surface temperature, and mean annual distance to open ocean (as a source of energy and moisture). The last is the shortest distance measured between a grid point and the mean annual position of the 10% sea ice concentration boundary, and is used as an index of changes in sea ice extent as well as of mean concentration. Stepwise correlation analyses indicate that variations in sea ice extent of ± 50 km would lead to changes in accumulation inversely of ± 4% on East Antarctica, ± 10% on West Antarctica, and ±4% on Greenland. These results are compared with those obtained in a previous study using visually interpolated values from contoured compilations of field data; they substantiate the findings for the Antarctic ice sheets (±4% on East Antarctica, ±9% in West Antarctica), and suggest a reduction by one half of the probable change of accumulation on Greenland (from ±8%). The results also suggest a reduction of the combined contribution to sea level variability to ±0.19 mm a-1 (from ±0.22 mm a-1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1965-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0177-7971
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-5065
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1969-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1969-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-1430
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5652
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1990-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1992-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1987-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2000-01-01
    Description: The spatial distribution of surface mass balance on the Greenland ice sheet is mapped on a 50 km grid using a combination of methods depending on a zonal characterization of the diagenetic snow fades. In the zones of dry snow and upper percolation fades, the accumulation rate is calculated from microwave emissivities derived from satellite measurements using a model that is calibrated with field accumulation data. In the lower percolation zone, accumulation rates are obtained from visual interpolation of previously compiled field data, with some modification so the balance is zero at the equilibrium line In the ablation zone, ablation rates are calculated as a function of ice-surface elevation and latitude. Average values of the surface balance are 263 kg m–2a–1 in the accumulation zone, (-) 1259 kg m–2 a–1 in the ablation zone and 1286 kg m–2 a–1 overall. Compared to the findings of a previous study using practically the same approach but different models, our bulk estimate of balance (216 Gt a–1) is 57% smaller, but the differences in the estimates of net accumulation and net ablation are, respectively, 30% and 172% larger. In this and other comparisons, there is evidence that the differences in estimates are primarily due to differences in the delineation of the equilibrium line and the estimate of ablation, and secondarily to the estimate of accumulation and interpolation of field data. The differences noted with six other estimates reported in the last two decades are all of a size close to the composite variation of the difference (±50Gtσ–1) . Our surface balance is smaller than three estimates, larger than one and in agreement with two. If substituted in the latest mass-budget estimate that indicates equilibrium, our surface balance estimate would suggest a negative budget of 55 Gt a–1 and thus a positive contribution to sea-level change of 0.15 mm a–1.
    Print ISSN: 0260-3055
    Electronic ISSN: 1727-5644
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Slant range analysis of radar altimeter data from the Seasat, Geosat, ERS-1 and ERS-2 databases are used to determine barrier location at particular times, and estimate barrier motion (km/yr) for major Antarctic ice shelves. The barrier locations, which are the seaward edges or fronts of floating ice shelves, advance with time as the ice flows from the grounded ice sheets and retreat whenever icebergs calve from the fronts. The analysis covers various multiyear intervals from 1978 to 1998, supplemented by barrier location maps produced elsewhere for 1977 and 1986. Barrier motion is estimated as the ratio between mean annual ice shelf area change for a particular interval, and the length of the discharge periphery. This value is positive if the barrier location progresses seaward, or negative if the barrier location regresses (break-back). Either positive or negative values are lower limit estimates because the method does not detect relatively small area changes due to calving or surge events. The findings are discussed in the context of the three ice shelves that lie in large embayments (the Filchner-Ronne, Amery, and Ross), and marginal ice shelves characterized by relatively short distances between main segments of grounding line and barrier (those in the Queen Maud Land sector between 10.1 deg. W and 32.5 deg. E, and the West and Shackleton ice shelves). All the ice shelves included in the study account for approximately three-fourths of the total ice shelf area of Antarctica, and discharge approximately two-thirds of the total grounded ice area.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Format: application/pdf
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