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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of tracheal coiling on the vocalizations of cranes (Aves; Gruidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 161 (1987), S. 43-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is generally supposed that the elongated, often coiled tracheae of many species of birds are adaptations for the production of loud, penetrating calls. A corollary supposition is that the acoustic effects are produced by the resonant properties of the elongated tube, with the birds being analogized to a wind instrument. We have experimented with several species of cranes possessing different degrees of tracheal coiling. Regardless of the degree of coiling, all cranes can utter extremely loud calls using remarkably low driving pressures. Neither surgical modifications of the trachea nor changing the respiratory gases to helium-oxygen produced consistent changes of voice that could be unambiguously attributed to changes of tubal resonances. However, shortening the trachea markedly reduced vocal intensity, the degree of reduction being roughly proportional to the degree of shortening. Although some of that reduction may derive from an increased impedance mismatch at the external aperture of the tube, and some from a decreased radiation directly from the hard walls of the trachea, these explanations scarcely account for the dramatic effects we observed. We, therefore, hypothesize a more unusual mechanism: The tracheal coils that are embedded in the sternum serve a function analogous to the bridge of a stringed instrument, transmitting the vibrations of a tiny sound source to a large radiating surface, the sternum. The sternum then vibrates against the large internal air reservoir of the avian airsac system. As it has a complex shape, the sternum will have many resonances and will respond to many frequencies; as a solid oscillator, its resonances will not be greatly affected by low density gases. Hence, we suggest that cranes and other birds with enlarged windpipes are more properly analogized with a violin than a trombone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609454
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electromyographic studies of the syrinx in parrots (Aves, Psittacidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 105 (1985), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The vocal organ (syrinx) of a bird may contain either extrinsic muscles alone or both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. The former arise and insert on the trachea and affect the syrinx only indirectly; the latter also arise on the trachea but insert directly on syringeal elements. It is widely supposed that syringeal muscles can affect modulations of the sounds the birds make, and further, that the intrinsic muscles are closely associated with such a function. However, the exact roles of the two groups of muscles have not been directly observed. The psittacid syrinx, which has one (for practical purposes) pair of extrinsic and two pairs of intrinsic muscles, is about as simple as one can find in birds capable of uttering a wide variety of sounds. We have taken electromyograms from the syringeal muscles of five species of parrots. In all of these, the extrinsic sternotrachealis showed the simple “activation” pattern activity previously described from several non-passerine species that possess only extrinsic muscles. The intrinsic muscles, however, showed a variety of activity patterns. The relatively simple call of Cyanoliseus patagonus again showed the simple activation pattern. In Myiopsitta monachus, the muscles showed a string of pulses that matched to pulses of sound in a strongly amplitude modulated call. Agapornis roseicollis used at least two distinct patterns, each associated with a different call. The results are consistent with an hypothesis that, because of their indirect attachment of the syrinx, extrinsic muscles are poorly suited to the production of precise, rapid changes in syringeal action, but rather will function in an “on-off switch” capacity. Intrinsic muscles are so situated that, given proper neurological stimulus, they can effect a variety of alterations in the sound pattern. Hence, intrinsic muscles are necessary for the evolution of large vocabularies and variable vocal behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312067
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanics of the syrinx in Gallus gallus. II. Electromyographic studies of Ad Libitum vocalizations (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 152 (1977), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Records of electrical activity in the tracheal muscles of domestic chickens were obtained for a variety of ad libitum vocalizations. Primary attention was given to an analysis of events during the most complex call, crowing.Three pairs of muscles, Mm. tracheohyoideus, tracheolateralis, and sternotrachealis, can affect the configuration of a chicken's syrinx. The firing patterns of the three muscle pairs are related to their different abilities to affect the tension of the syringeal membranes. The influence of M. tracheohyoideus is most indirect and imprecise, and its role the least clearly defined. It appears to adjust the position of the trachea so that the syrinx is isolated from unpredictable and/or undesirable consequences of nuchal position and tracheal elasticity, and also helps draw the glottis caudad, thereby deepening the pharyngeal chamber. The other two muscles interact to control the tension of the vocal membranes. M. sternotrachealis relaxes the membranes by drawing the drum of the trachea caudad, or, via the syringeal ligament, by rotating the pessulus cranioventrad, or both. M. tracheolateralis tenses the membranes and/or prevents caudal movement of the origin of M. sternotrachealis, a necessity if the syringeal ligament is to rotate the pessulus.Vocalization depends on both syringeal configuration and appropriate air flow. Hence, tracheal muscles, syrinx, air sacs, and ventilatory muscles cooperate to form a vocal system. Cooperation elicits a surprising degree of redundancy. At least one call, a high pitched wail, may be produced by two very different techniques.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051520102
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  • 4
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    Possible rules for the ancestral origin of Hox gene collinearity (2016)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-5193
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-8541
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Elsevier
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 5
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    Developing probabilistic tephra fallout hazard maps for Cotopaxi and Guagua Pichincha volcanoes (Ecuador) with uncertainty quantification (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-09
    Description: Tephra fallout is a major hazard for many human activities, spanning from aviation safety (ash concentration in the air) to building stability (tephra load) as well as health and respiratory problems. Long-term planning is therefore an important task for civil authorities, especially in highly populated areas. Probabilistic hazard maps are useful tools to address these complex issues, and the quantification of the uncertainty associated to such maps represents an equally important element of hazard assessment. In this work, we present a tephra fallout hazard assessment study related to two volcanoes (Cotopaxi and Guagua Pichincha) directly threatening the capital city of Ecuador, Quito. This work resulted in the production of hazard maps of different formats, in order to meet the needs of both the scientific community and the local authorities. The quantification of the uncertainty was performed in two steps. First, an elicitation session involving 20 experts from different countries and areas of expertise was performed in order to quantify: a) the probabilities of occurrence of different eruptive styles at the two studied volcanoes; b) the range of uncertainty of some key eruptive input parameters (total fallout mass, eruption duration, plume height, total grain size distribution). These latter estimations were used to produce hazard maps with different eruptive scenarios. Second, it was quantified the uncertainty of the model used for the development of the hazard maps (the plume model PLUME-MoM coupled with the tephra dispersal model HYSPLIT) using recent eruptions in the Andean context as test cases. Using a combination of eruptive parameters from such uncertainty quantification,, a coefficient of uncertainty has been derived and applied to the final maps to actually quantify the uncertainty related to the model.
    Description: Published
    Description: San Francisco
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Keywords: Cotopaxi ; expert judgement
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 6
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    Évaluation de l'aléa volcanique des retombées de cendres pour les volcans Cotopaxi et Guagua Pichincha: implications pour la région de Quito (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-13
    Description: OBJECTIF DU PROJET Création de cartes d’aléa probabilistes des retombées de cendre pour les volcans Cotopaxi et Guagua Pichincha et réalisation d'une étude d’aléa plus détaillé pour la ville de Quito NOUVEAUTÉS Utilisation d'un modèle numérique (PLUME-MoM / HYSPLIT) jamais utilisé pour produire des cartes d’aléa probabilistes des retombées de cendre Quantification explicite des principales sources d'incertitudes 1.Du modèle numérique 2.De la probabilité d'avoir différents styles éruptifs 3.De la plage de variation des paramètres éruptifs
    Description: Published
    Description: Clermont-Ferrand (France)
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Keywords: expert judgement ; Cotopaxi
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 7
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    Eruption type probability and eruption source parameters at Cotopaxi and Guagua Pichincha volcanoes (Ecuador) with uncertainty quantification (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-22
    Description: Future occurrence of explosive eruptive activity at Cotopaxi and Guagua Pichincha volcanoes, Ecuador, is assessed probabilistically, utilizing expert elicitation. Eight eruption types were considered for each volcano. Type event probabilities were evaluated for the next eruption at each volcano and for at least one of each type within the next 100 years. For each type, we elicited relevant eruption source parameters (duration, average plume height, and total tephra mass). We investigated the robustness of these elicited evaluations by deriving probability uncertainties using three expert scoring methods. For Cotopaxi, we considered both rhyolitic and andesitic magmas. Elicitation findings indicate that the most probable next eruption type is an andesitic hydrovolcanic/ash-emission (~ 26–44% median probability), which has also the highest median probability of recurring over the next 100 years. However, for the next eruption at Cotopaxi, the average joint probabilities for sub-Plinian or Plinian type eruption is of order 30–40%—a significant chance of a violent explosive event. It is inferred that any Cotopaxi rhyolitic eruption could involve a longer duration and greater erupted mass than an andesitic event, likely producing a prolonged emergency. For Guagua Pichincha, future eruption types are expected to be andesitic/dacitic, and a vulcanian event is judged most probable for the next eruption (median probability ~40–55%); this type is expected to be most frequent over the next 100 years, too. However, there is a substantial probability (possibly 〉40% in average) that the next eruption could be sub-Plinian or Plinian, with all that implies for hazard levels.
    Description: Published
    Description: 35
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
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    Tephra fallout hazard maps with uncertainty quantification for Cotopaxi and Guagua Pichincha volcanoes (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-17
    Description: Uncertainty quantification of the model – definition of mean under/overestimation coefficientes of the model Uncertainty quantification for the probability of occurrence of different eruption types for the range of eruptive source parameters – expert elicitation session Hazard maps produced for sub-plinian and plinian eruptions considered separately and together Cotopaxi (4 eruption types) Guagua Pichincha (2 eruption types) Two map types: for a given tephra accumulation threshold and different probabilities for a given probabilité donnée et différents seuils d'accumulation de téphra Three maps (« lower », « natural » et « upper ») that quantify the different sources of uncertainty Quito : hazard curves defined for 10 sensitive sites
    Description: Published
    Description: Online conference
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Keywords: Quito ; fallout hazard
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    The Wallachian Gold-Washers (2023)
    Brill | Schöningh
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This is the first monograph on the history of the Rudari people of Romania and the first mapping of their settlements. The Rudari are a population which has traditionally inhabited the Balkan area and much of Central Europe. Many of them do not know the Romani language but speak Romanian dialects and today make a living out of carving wooden household items, although their Slavic name alludes to mining. Indeed, the Rudari were for centuries gold-prospectors and gold-washers working for the Crown of Wallachia and were administrated as slaves by a monastery situated on the auriferous Olt river. The authors have reconstructed the fascinating history of this ethnic group for a period of 500 years until the 19th century when gold-panning went in decline due to the exhaustion of the reserves of alluvial gold.
    Keywords: demography ; family ; Gypsies ; history ; Roma ; Romania ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social & cultural anthropology, ethnography ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social and cultural anthropology
    Language: English
    Format: image/jpeg
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    E-BOOK
  • 10
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    Open volcanic systems: Evidence for deep gas loss before eruption (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-28
    Description: Previous studies of Vulcanian eruptive products have shown that the respective volcanic conduits were filled for the most part with low-porosity magma prior to eruption. Comparison with the theoretical porosity distribution expected from closed-system degassing suggests that gas loss must have taken place at great depth within the magmatic column. At such high pressures, however, porosities are low enough to rule out traditional gas loss mechanisms. We tested if channelling, an outgassing mechanism based on bubble connection due to high crystal content proposed to occur in mushy magma reservoirs, could also happen in volcanic conduits. We reanalysed phenocryst, microlite, and porosity data from recent eruptions of Merapi volcano, Indonesia, Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, and Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador. Overall, these magmas had crystal contents high enough for outgassing to occur by channelling. Gases could be channelled out of the magma columns at various levels during ascent to yield mostly gas-depleted magma columns prior to explosive behaviour. Such outgassing by channelling has thus the capacity to influence eruptive style. Depending on the phenocryst content, microlite growth during ascent can either foster, or impede gas escape by channelling. Considering the pervasive occurrence of microlites and ensuing high crystal contents in volcanic conduits, the high likelihood of channelling implies that other outgassing mechanisms might not be as dominant as previously envisioned.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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