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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2013-03-18
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-06-01
    Description: Trade-offs between velocity and anisotropy heterogeneity complicate the interpretation of differential traveltime data and have the potential to bias isotropic tomographic models. By constructing a simple parametrisation to describe an elastic tensor with hexagonal symmetry, we find analytic solutions to the Christoffel equations in terms of fast and slow horizontal velocities that allow us to simultaneously invert differential traveltime data and splitting data from teleseismic S arrivals to recover 3-D velocity and anisotropy structure. This technique provides a constraint on the depth-extent of shallow anisotropy, otherwise absent from interpretations based on SKS splitting alone. This approach is well suited to the young Woodlark Rift, where previous studies have found strong velocity variation and substantial SKS splitting in a continental rift with relatively simple geometry. This study images a low-velocity rift axis with ≤4 per cent spreading-parallel anisotropy at 50–100 km depth that separates regions of pre-existing lithospheric fabric, indicating the synchronous development of extensional crystallographic preferred orientation and lithospheric thinning. A high-velocity slab fragment north of the rift axis is associated with strike-parallel anisotropic fast axes, similar to that seen in the shallow mantle of some subduction zones. In addition to the insights provided by the anisotropy structure, the improvement in fit to the differential traveltime data demonstrates the merit to a joint inversion that accounts for anisotropy.
    Keywords: Seismology
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2013-02-07
    Description: Accurate earthquake locations and their focal mechanisms can illuminate the distribution and mode of deformation at rifted continental margins. The Pacific–North America (Pa–NA) plate boundary within the Gulf of California (GoC) provides an excellent opportunity to explore the evolution and kinematics of rifting, as continental extension in the north transitions to seafloor spreading in the south. From October 2005 to October 2006, an array of eight four-component ocean-bottom seismographs deployed in the GoC recorded seismicity as part of the Sea of Cortez Ocean-Bottom Array (SCOOBA) experiment. By combining the data with those from the onshore Network of Autonomously Recording Seismographs (NARS)-Baja array, we detect and locate ~700 earthquakes ( M w  2.2–6.6) mainly along the northwest–southeast-striking transform faults that delineate the plate boundary. For 36 events ( M w  3.5–6.6) with high signal-to-noise ratio in a long-period (10–20 s) band, we determine deviatoric moment tensors and associated double-couple focal mechanisms by regional waveform inversion. Many focal mechanisms are consistent with right-lateral strike-slip faulting along the Pa–NA transform fault system, which suggests that the transform faults primarily accommodate seismic deformation within the gulf. In addition, we capture a swarm of events on Baja California along the right-lateral northwest–southeast-striking Las Viboras–El Azufre fault, which may be related to ongoing geothermal activity and volcanic deformation within the peninsula. The combination of high-resolution earthquake locations and focal mechanisms improves our understanding of the distribution of seismic deformation within the greater extensional zone in the southern GoC. Online Material: Earthquake catalog of the 695 events detected and located during our combined on-/offshore deployment of seismometers.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2015-04-06
    Description: We have developed a new method to retrieve seismic surface wave phase velocity using dense seismic arrays. The method measures phase variations between nearby stations based on waveform cross-correlation. The coherence in waveforms between adjacent stations results in highly precise relative phase estimates. Frequency-dependent phase variations are then inverted for spatial variations in apparent phase velocity via the Eikonal equation. Frequency-dependent surface wave amplitudes measured on individual stations are used to correct the apparent phase velocity to account for multipathing via the Helmholtz equation. By using coherence and other data selection criteria, we construct an automated system that retrieves structural phase-velocity maps directly from raw seismic waveforms for individual earthquakes without human intervention. The system is applied to broad-band seismic data from over 800 events recorded on EarthScope's USArray from 2006 to 2014, systematically building up Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity maps between the periods of 20 and 100 s for the entire continental United States. At the highest frequencies, the resulting maps are highly correlated with phase-velocity maps derived from ambient noise tomography. At all frequencies, we observe a significant contrast in Rayleigh-wave phase velocity between the tectonically active western US and the stable eastern US, with the phase velocity variations in the western US being 1–2 times greater. The Love wave phase-velocity maps are also calculated. We find that overtone contamination may produce systemic bias for the Love-wave phase-velocity measurements.
    Keywords: Seismology
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2014-08-08
    Description: We studied the seismic attenuation of body waves in the south-central region of the Gulf of California (GoC) with records from the Network of Autonomously Recording Seismographs of Baja California (NARS-Baja), from the Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada’s Broadband Seismological Network of the GoC (RESBAN), and from the ocean-bottom seismographs (OBS) deployed as part of the Sea of Cortez Ocean Bottom Array experiment (SCOOBA). We examine 27 well-located earthquakes reported in Sumy et al. (2013) that occurred from October 2005 to October 2006 with magnitudes ( M w ) between 3.5 and 4.8. We estimated S -wave site effects by calculating horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios and determined attenuation functions with a nonparametric model by inverting the observed spectral amplitudes of 21 frequencies between 0.13 and 12.59 Hz for the SCOOBA (OBS) stations and 19 frequencies between 0.16 and 7.94 Hz for NARS-Baja and RESBAN stations. We calculated the geometrical spreading and the attenuation (1/ Q ) factors for two distance intervals (10–120 and 120–220 km, respectively) for each frequency considered. The estimates of Q obtained with the SCOOBA (OBS) records for the interval 10–120 km indicate that the P waves attenuate more than S waves ( Q P =34±1.2 f 0.82±0.10 , Q S =59±1.1 f 0.90±0.03 ) for frequencies between 0.6 and 12.6 Hz; whereas for the 120–220 km interval, where ray paths travel deeper, S waves attenuate more than P waves ( Q P =117±1.3 f 0.44±0.19 , Q S =51±1.2 f 1.12±0.11 ). The estimates of Q obtained using NARS-Baja and RESBAN records, within 10–120 km, indicate that P waves attenuate more than S waves ( Q P =69±1.2 f 0.87±0.16 , Q S =176±1.4 f 0.61±0.26 ) at frequencies between 0.3 and 6.3 Hz; whereas at the 120–220 km distance interval S waves attenuate slightly more than P waves ( Q P =39±1.1 f 0.64±0.06 , Q S =48±1.1 f 0.37±0.07 ) at high frequencies ( f 〉3 Hz). These results, based on a unique OBS dataset, provide an indirect mean to constrain future models of the thermal structure beneath the GoC.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-05-14
    Description: The EarthScope USArray provides an opportunity to obtain detailed images of the continental upper mantle at an unprecedented scale. The majority of mantle models derived from USArray data to date contain spatial variations in seismic-wave speed; however, in many cases these data sets do not by themselves allow a non-unique interpretation. Joint interpretation of seismic attenuation and velocity models can improve upon the interpretations based only on velocity and provide important constraints on the temperature, composition, melt content, and volatile content of the mantle. The surface wave amplitudes that constrain upper-mantle attenuation are sensitive to factors in addition to attenuation, including the earthquake source excitation, focusing and defocusing by elastic structure, and local site amplification. Because of the difficulty of isolating attenuation from these other factors, little is known about the attenuation structure of the North American upper mantle. In this study, Rayleigh wave traveltime and amplitude in the period range 25–100 s are measured using an interstation cross-correlation technique, which takes advantage of waveform similarity at nearby stations. Several estimates of Rayleigh wave attenuation and site amplification are generated at each period, using different approaches to separate the effects of attenuation and local site amplification on amplitude. It is assumed that focusing and defocusing effects can be described by the Laplacian of the traveltime field. All approaches identify the same large-scale patterns in attenuation, including areas where the attenuation values are likely contaminated by unmodelled focusing and defocusing effects. Regionally averaged attenuation maps are constructed after removal of the contaminated attenuation values, and the variations in intrinsic shear attenuation that are suggested by these Rayleigh wave attenuation maps are explored.
    Keywords: Seismology
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: As the Pacific–Farallon spreading center approached North America, the Farallon plate fragmented into a number of small plates. Some of the microplate fragments ceased subducting before the spreading center reached the trench. Most tectonic models have assumed that the subducting oceanic slab detached from these microplates close to the trench,...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2013-03-12
    Description: Most studies of the seismic structure of continental crust assume that the wave speeds are isotropic at seismic wavelengths. The ability to measure surface wave propagation speed from the cross-correlation of ambient seismic noise provides new opportunities to image the crust and uppermost mantle. We investigate radial anisotropy in the continental crust of northwestern Canada from group-velocity curves of Love and Rayleigh waves obtained from ambient-noise cross-correlation. We test the null hypothesis that the Love and Rayleigh group-speed curves can be simultaneously fit by an earth model containing isotropic seismic velocities throughout the crust. Group velocity is predicted for 200 000 one-dimensional earth models, which are generated by randomly varying the crustal shear velocity and radial anisotropy within a prescribed range. The goodness-of-fit of the predictions is assessed by comparison with two sets of observed dispersion curves that correspond to two tectonically distinct terranes: the Archean/early Proterozoic craton and the transition from craton to Cordillera. The majority of best-fitting models contain V SH 〉 V SV (4–5 per cent) in the middle crust. The finding that the middle/lower crust is seismically anisotropic across a large swath of northwestern Canada, combined with recent observations of anisotropic crust in much of the western United States, suggests that anisotropy may be ubiquitous in the continental crust.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-11-04
    Description: The Study of Extension and maGmatism in Malawi aNd Tanzania (SEGMeNT) project acquired a comprehensive suite of geophysical and geochemical datasets across the northern Malawi (Nyasa) rift in the East Africa rift system. Onshore/offshore active and passive seismic data, long-period and wideband magnetotelluric data, continuous Global Positioning System data, and geochemical samples were acquired between 2012 and 2016. This combination of data is intended to elucidate the sedimentary, crustal, and upper-mantle architecture of the rift, patterns of active deformation, and the origin and age of rift-related magmatism. A unique component of our program was the acquisition of seismic data in Lake Malawi, including seismic reflection, onshore/offshore wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction, and broadband seismic data from lake-bottom seismometers, a towed streamer, and a large towed air-gun source.
    Print ISSN: 0895-0695
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2057
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
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