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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 76 (1972), S. 204-225 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei Roßameisen (Camponotus lignipera, C. herculeanus) wurden Erzeugung, Ausbreitung, physikalische Eigenschaften und biologische Funktion von Klopfsignalen an Laboratoriumskolonien untersucht. 2. Arbeiterinnen klopfen, wenn sie durch Störreize (Anblasen, Berühren, chemische Reize, Erschütterungen) erregt werden. Beim Klopfen schlagen sie mit Mandibeln und Gaster, meist alternierend, auf den Untergrund. Schlagserien enthalten bis zu 7, meist 2–3 Aufschläge in ca. 50 msec Abstand. Das Klopfmuster ist nicht von der Art der auslösenden Reize abhängig. 3. Die s-s Beschleunigungsamplituden betragen beim Aufschlag, je nach Größe der Ameisen, im Mittel 18–37 cm/sec2, die Aufschlagleistung 2,1–8,2 105W. Das auf kompaktem Holz fortgeleitete Substratschallsignal wird mit 2 dB/cm abgeschwächt und hat ein Intensitätsspektrum, das von 〈100 Hz bis 〉10 kHz reicht, mit einem Maximum bei 4–5 kHz. 4. Verhaltensreaktionen auf Klopfreizung wurden an Arbeiterinnen außerhalb des Nestes in Nähe der Nestöffnung durch quantitative Auswertung von Filmaufnahmen untersucht. Die Reaktion hängt von dem an der Laufaktivität der Ameisen meßbaren Erregungsniveau ab. Schwach erregte Tiere erstarren bei Klopfreizung bewegungslos, stärker erregte steigern ihre Laufaktivität, wobei ihre Angriffsschwelle gegen visuell lokalisierte, bewegte Objekte erniedrigt ist; sie bewegen sich außerdem auf die Klopfquelle zu. Somit hat das Klopfen der Roßameisen außerhalb des Nestes die Funktion eines Beute- und Gefahrenalarms: es verstärkt die Wirkung anderer angriffsauslösender Reize.
    Notes: Summary 1. Production, propagation, physical characteristics and biological functions of substrate-vibration signals were studied in laboratory colonies of carpenter ants (Camponotus ligniperda, C. herculeanus). 2. Worker-ants rap on the substrate when they are disturbed e.g. by blowing at or touching them, by vibrations or chemical agents. They hit the ground, mostly alternatingly, with mandibles and gaster. Hits follow in series of up to 7, generally 2–3, with ca. 50 msec intervals. The signal pattern is independent of the kind of releasing stimuli. 3. Acceleration amplitudes (pp) of hits range, according to the size of the ants, on the average between 18 and 37 cm/sec2, resulting in a hitting power from 2.1 to 8.2 10−5W. Substrate signals, propagated in solid wood, are attenuated with 2 dB/cm and have an intensity spectrum reaching from 〈100 Hz to 〉10 kHz, with maximal energy content at 4 to 5 kHz. 4. By quantitative evaluation of motion pictures, reactions to rapping signals were studied in ants outside their nest in close proximity to the nest-opening. Reactions depend on the ants' excitation level as measured by their average running speed. Little excited ants “freeze” motionless when stimulated by rapping signals, more excited ones increase their running speed manifold and have a lowered threshold of aggression towards visually localized, moving objects. In addition, they approach the source of vibrations. Therefore, rapping in carpenter ants fulfills functions of prey-attack- and danger-alarm systems: it amplifies the effect of other attack-releasing stimuli.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0075-4617
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Derivates of the Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) with ω-Aminoalkyl Residues at the Prolinamide NitrogenSyntheses of a new class of TRH derivatives of the type L-Pyr-L-His-L-Pro-NH-(CH2)n-NH2 (n = 4, 7, 10) are described. The biological activity of these TRH analogues decreases with increasing chain length.
    Notes: Die Synthesen einer neuen Klasse von TRH-Derivaten des Typs L-Pyr-L-His-L-Pro-NH-(CH2)n-NH2 (n = 4, 7, 10) werden beschrieben. Die biologische Aktivität dieser TRH-Analoga nimmt mit zunehmender Kettenlänge ab.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 10 (1982), S. 39-51 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The amount of parental milk investment determines not only the number of young the parent can produce, but also affects the offspring's fitness. The antagonism between quantity and quality of offspring was investigated in laboratory mice. In nursing first litters containing 2,4, ..., 14 pups, mothers invested increasing amounts of milk. This mainly extended the intervals between their first and second litters and slightly increased the size of their second litters, whilst third litters were not affected. In the female young, the decreasing amount each individual received as a result of increasing litter size led to delayed birth and reduced the size of their first litters. The intervals between their first and second litters and the size of the second litters were also affected, although to a lesser extent. Taking these results into consideration on a standard lifetime pattern of reproduction, the effects were calculated on net reproductive rates as an expression of fitness. Death rates were assumed that referred to population equilibrium or population growth. In both situations, the fitness curves of mothers and young showed that the actual level of milk investment and the level yielding optimal reproduction were in agreement. There was no significant deviation towards increased investment, as might result from parent-offspring conflict.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 6 (1980), S. 265-276 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Positions and behavior of six male and eight female guinea pigs kept outside in a 12x12 m2 pen with a central shelter were recorded over one month in 288 scans. Data were analyzed by statistical and by information analysis methods. Two main states were distinguished: behavior in the field (‘activity,’ 47%), consisting mainly of feeding (42%); and that at the shelter (‘inactivity,’ 53%), consisting mainly of resting (46%). Only 2% of the observations were of social behavior. Males were about 10% more often active than females, apparently as a result of being subject to more aggressive acts, especially within the resting site. Observations of aggressive interactions also showed one male dominating all others, which were all of equal rank. 2. The daytime distribution of activity showed two peaks at 0600–0700 hours and 1800–2000 hours. Some activity took place during the night. An 18% reduction of uncertainty in prediction of an individual's activity resulted if the time of day was considered, and for group activity (〉5 animals active) the reduction was 29%. Activity was socially synchronized within the group, as was shown experimentally. The uncertainty of an average individual's activity was reduced by 29% if group activity was considered. 3. In the shelter, sexes and individuals showed preferences for specific locations. Males kept closer to the entrance. Nearest-neighbor frequencies, huddle frequencies, and frequencies at which animals were inside the shelter at the same time did not differ significantly, but males kept further apart from other animals than did females. In the field, no differences were found in nearest-neighbor frequencies or nearest-neighbor distances. Individuals had preferred areas, and the uncertainty of an average animal's location was reduced by 1% if its identity was known. Location in the field was affected by time of day, knowledge of which reduced the uncertainty of an average individual's position by 9%. Group cohesion affected the animal's position more strongly, however, reducing uncertainty by 16%. Active maintainance of proximity during feeding was shown experimentally.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Sulfides ; Selenides ; Copper complexes ; Ambidentate ligands ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Triphenylphosphite has been converted into tris(phenylthiomethyl)phosphane (1) by reaction with LiCH2SPh/DABCO, and subsequently into the corresponding sulfide (2) and selenide (3) by treatment with elemental sulfur or selenium, respectively. Ligands 2 and 3 react with copper(I) halides CuX (X = Cl, Br, I) in polar organic solvents to give either 1:1 (X = Cl: 4, 7, X = Br: 5, 8 ) or 1:2 complexes (X = Br: 9, X = I: 6, 10). The crystal structures of five of these complexes have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. All compounds of the type [(PhSCH2)3P=S/Se]CuX (X = Cl, Br) form centrosymmetrical dinuclear complexes featuring a four-membered ring core Cu2[S/Se], fused to two five-membered rings Cu[S/Se]PCS through common trans edges. Only one of the three phenyl-thiomethyl functions is involved in coordination to a metal center. The compound [(PhSCH2)3P=S](CuI)2 (6) is associated into a centrosymmetrical tetranuclear complex containing two four-membered rings (ICu2S) bridged via iodine atoms in 1,3-cis positions. The ligand is found to employ two of its PhSCH2 functions for metal coordination, giving rise to two five-membered rings fused to the four-membered rings via neighbouring edges. In all cases, therefore, the P=S/Se functions of the ligands are the preferred donor sites, which are used for the building of bridgehead structural units of polynuclear complexes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1996-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0024-3795
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-1856
    Topics: Mathematics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1999-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-067X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2540
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1993-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0024-3795
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-1856
    Topics: Mathematics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-09-19
    Print ISSN: 0963-9292
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-3017
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-07-29
    Electronic ISSN: 1932-6203
    Topics: Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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