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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid metal ion source for cluster ions of metals and alloys: design and characteristics : International conference on ion sources (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 366-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Currently liquid metal ion sources (LMISs) are of great interest for a wide variety of applications—ion implantation, ion microlithography, thrusters for electric space propulsion, etc. A novel application of the LMIS is for the production of metallic cluster ions. In our laboratory we have designed and optimized the performance of a LMIS for the production of cluster ions of alkali metals. Using liquid rubidium (Rb) we have observed copious production of singly charged cluster ions (Rb+N, N=1–100). As expected the largest fraction of the emission consists of atomic ions. For low source current (〈5 μA) about 80% of the total emission current is that of Rb+. The remaining 20% consists of Rb+2 and Rb+3. However, for large emission currents (〉80 μA) we observe cluster ions as large as Rb+100. We study the mass distribution using the time-of-flight technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141295
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of long-term lamp fluctuations in the random walk of frequency behavior of the rubidium frequency standard: A case study (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 980-983 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A long-term frequency stability test has been performed on an EG&G prototype Rb atomic frequency standard. In addition to this test revealing excellent performance for a Rb atomic clock, some classic Rb clock behaviors were also observed; namely, long-term frequency drift, spontaneous frequency jumps, and random walk of frequency noise for long averaging times. By careful analyses of the complete test record, we have found that the spontaneous frequency jumps and the random walk of frequency noise can be attributed to the behavior of the clock's discharge lamp. The long-term frequency drift, however, was found not to be primarily lamp related. Although results of only a single test on a single Rb clock are reported here, we believe that the results are applicable to the Rb clock technology as a whole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334704
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum: "Alkali reactions with wall coating materials used in atomic resonance cells'' [J. Appl. Phys. 62, 676 (1987)] (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 62 (1987), S. 4008-4008 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.339867
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A nonempirical model of the gas-cell atomic frequency standard (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 59 (1986), S. 301-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this paper a signal model of the rubidium (Rb) atomic frequency standard is developed. The model combines an analysis of the atomic physics required to describe processes occurring within the Rb absorption cell with a feedback analysis of the clock's servocontrol circuitry, and thus allows clock performance in terms of Allan variance to be predicted from a number of electronic and physical parameters. All previous models of the Rb clock have been limited to an analysis of the clock's short-term performance, Allan variance averaging times less than 10 000 s. However, by explicitly including the effects of discharge lamp intensity fluctuations, which are transformed into output frequency variations via the light shift effect, clock performance can be predicted for averaging times greater than 10 000 s. Furthermore, the present model is the first which incorporates the influence of an optically thick Rb vapor, along with the diffusion of optically pumped atoms to the walls of the absorption cell, into the calculation of clock performance. As part of the model's validation, the calculations are compared with the results from a recent Rb clock long-term performance experiment. Agreement between measured and predicted Allan variances for both short and long averaging time periods is excellent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.336683
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alkali reactions with wall coating materials used in atomic resonance cells (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 62 (1987), S. 676-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is well known that the chemisorption of various chlorosilane materials on glass atomic storage vessel walls results in surface coatings which inhibit electronic- and nuclear-spin relaxation. In the present study the chemical reaction of rubidium, and by analogy other alkali metals, with dichlorodimethylsilane-treated glass surfaces has been studied. We find evidence that rubidium reacts with a freshly prepared coating to produce H2 and a volatile silicon-containing species. The most reasonable reaction process is postulated to be rubidium reacting with residual silanol groups (Si-OH) found on the surface. As the reaction proceeds these groups would disappear, thus reducing the spin-relaxation rate associated with the surface. We believe that this reaction results in the "curing'' of wall coatings reported by other investigators. Concurrently, the gaseous reaction products become impurities within the system. The spin-relaxation cross section of the silicon-containing species is expected to be less than 1×10−17 cm2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.339741
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fundamental stability limits for the diode-laser-pumped rubidium atomic frequency standard (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 59 (1986), S. 3313-3317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Recently, there has been considerable interest in the use of single-mode diode lasers in atomic frequency standards. In the present paper theoretical calculations are performed in order to quantify the expected performance improvement upon incorporation of diode lasers in rubidium gas cell atomic frequency standards. We assume that clock signal shot noise, the diode laser's quantum noise, and diode laser frequency locking noise all contribute to the atomic frequency standard's stability. Our results indicate that white-noise Allan variances of ∼6×10−15/(τ)1/2 are possible if enhanced cavity Q diode lasers are employed, whereas for presently available commercial diode lasers we predict white-noise Allan variances of ∼3×10−14/(τ)1/2. These variances represent a 2–3 orders of magnitude improvement in frequency stability over that currently obtained with rubidium gas cell atomic clocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.336847
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microwave field strength measurement in a rubidium clock cavity via adiabatic rapid passage (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 704-708 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Rubidium atomic frequency standards have been found to display a strong frequency dependence on the microwave power density or field intensity. It is, therefore, desirable to have simple and easily applied techniques for measuring not only the field strength but also the field distribution within the clock's microwave cavity. A technique which makes use of adiabatic rapid passage (ARP) to measure field strengths in Rb clock cavities is described and demonstrated. Measurements using this technique are found to agree with field strengths extracted using standard microwave procedures. The ARP technique is particularly valuable in cavities where standard microwave measurements cannot be made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.334715
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AlGaAs diode laser blue shift resulting from fast neutron irradiation (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 5323-5331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Six TJS (transverse junction stripe) AlGaAs diode lasers were exposed to fast neutrons with fluences ranging from 2×1012 to 3×1013 n/cm2, and their tuning, gain, and dispersion curves were measured. The tuning and gain curves of four lasers showed blue shifts of several meV at neutron fluences as low as 2×1012 n/cm2; the other two lasers never showed this blue shift. In addition, the lasers that displayed a blue shift also showed an increase in their threshold currents. None of the lasers exhibited any change in their dispersion curves. To explain the blue shift, it is hypothesized that neutron irradiation reduces the efficiency for lasing in the bandtail states of these devices, forcing lasing action to occur between states with greater energy separation. A model in which the reduced efficiency takes the form of a decrease in the transition matrix element is found to yield blue shifts of the correct order of magnitude. Though bandtail effects may also explain the difference in radiation sensitivity among the TJS lasers, at present the reason why only four of the six lasers blue shifted after neutron irradiation is not well understood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350548
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization spectra of naphthalene (1982)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 86 (1982), S. 4892-4897 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100222a012
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  • 10
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    Entropy and attractor dimension as measures of the field-atom interaction (1993)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-05-01
    Print ISSN: 1050-2947
    Electronic ISSN: 1094-1622
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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