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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 81 (1959), S. 5725-5727 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 108 (1998), S. 6416-6430 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this paper we present a statistical model to describe the dielectric behavior of binary solutions. The formal development is based on the introduction of a few dynamical parameters describing the interactions occurring in the solution; these parameters enter in the rate equations for the dynamics of mixing. These equations, after suitable linearization, are used as the starting point to obtain the dipole correlation functions necessary to study the dielectric relaxation processes. The model is able to indicate the conditions which a mixture composed of two liquids with very different relaxation times must fulfill to produce a single relaxation time, as often experimentally observed. Some significant results reported in the literature are analyzed and explained and new experimental data are reported in order to test specific features of the model. All tests carried out so far on binary solutions give a successful reproduction of experimental results. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] It is widely believed that the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is completely cleared by antiviral antibodies and specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) during acute viral hepatitis. We now demonstrate that traces of HBV are often detectable in the blood for many years after clinical recovery from acute ...
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Residues 18-27 of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) nucleoprotein contain an HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitope9, and an efficient response against it and other epitopes derived from the viral nucleocapsid10, envelope11 and polymerase (F.V.C. et aL, manuscript in preparation) proteins is observed in ...
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The writer's studies of the nature of phospho- and silicomolybdic acids and their blue reduction products are reviewed. These studies form the basis for the determination of mineral phosphorus, either alone or in the presence of esters of phosphoric acid and also of silicic acid of low molecular weight, the so-called “soluble silicic acid”. A new method for determining the lighter soluble phosphates in soils for the purpose of appraising the phosphate fertility is described. This is based on the writer's recently published procedure. It is characterized by forming the phosphomolybdate blue not in an extract but rather in the presence of the soil sample itself. The purpose is to prevent the developement of the equilibria between the phosphate ions in the solution and those always retained in same manner in the soil and thus to avoid the disadvantages growing out of these equilibria. The method described here has been used in series analyses of several thousand soil samples. It is now the most widely used method in Italy for evaluating the phosphate fertility of soils.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur expose les résultats qu'il a obtenus lors de ses recherches sur la nature des acides phosphomolybdique et silicomolybdique et de leurs produits de réduction bleus. Ces résultats servent de base au microdosage du phosphore minéral seul ou en présence d'esters phosphoriques ou encore d'acide silicique de faible masse moléculaire (dénommé «acide silicique soluble»). On décrit une nouvelle méthode chimique de dosage des phosphates, qui se dissolvent facilement dans les sols, afin de déterminer leur pouvoir fertilisant; cette méthode repose sur le mode opératoire récemment publié par l'auteur; elle présente la particularité de permettre la formation du bleu de phosphomolybdène en présence de l'échantillon de sol et non pas dans un extrait; on évite ainsi l'établissement d'équilibres entre les ions phosphoriques présents dans la solution et ceux qui sous une forme quelconque sont toujours retenus par le sol ainsi que les erreurs qui sont ainsi engendrées. La méthode décrite a déjà été appliquée à quelques milliers d'échantillons de sols qui ont été analysés en série. Elle est actuellement la méthode la plus souvent employée en italie pour la détermination du pouvoir fertilisant des phosphates.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen des Verfassers über die Natur der Phosphor- und Silicomolybdänsäure und ihre blauen Reduktionsprodukte werden dargelegt. Diese bilden die Grundlage für die Mikrobestimmung des mineralischen Phosphors allein oder in Gegenwart von Phosphorsäureestern und auch von Kieselsäure niedrigen Molekulargewichtes (sogenannte „lösliche Kieselsäure“). Eine neue chemische Methode zur Bestimmung der leichtest löslichen Phosphate in Böden zum Zwecke der Bewertung der Phosphatfruchtbarkeit wird beschrieben. Diese fußt auf der neuerdings vom Verfasser angegebenen Arbeitsvorschrift. Sie ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bildung des Phosphormolybdänblaus nicht in einem Bodenextrakt, sondern in Gegenwart der Bodenprobe selbst vorgenommen wird, und zwar zu dem Zwecke, um die Ausbildung von Gleichgewichten zwischen den in Lösung befindlichen Phosphationen und den in welcher Form immer vom Boden zurückgehaltenen Phosphationen und die von diesen Gleichgewichten herrührenden Nachteile zu vermeiden. Die beschriebene Methode wurde bereits zur Serienanalyse von einigen Tausenden von Bodenproben herangezogen. Sie ist die gegenwärtig meistverwendete Methode zur Bewertung der Phosphatfruchtbarkeit der Böden in Italien.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 10 (1975), S. 300-311 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 1 (1966), S. 37-44 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The problem of the existence of a transonic flow without a shock wave is still unsolved, notwithstanding even very recent research work, including the fundamental work done byMorawetz andManwell: all these researches consider the flow on the odographic plane, and the essential observation that may be made concerning them is that they show the non-existence of a continuous flow in the case of profiles with a contour that isnot regular. In this commentary, the problem is tackled in a different way, namely, by considering the flow directly on the physical plane and agreeing to represent the velocity on the contour of the profile by means of the integral equation ofOswatitsch. With an appropriate modification of this it is possible to construct a «model» of transonic flow, through which one may recognize with all simplicity what happens when the speed uA on the contour exceeds the speed of sound. To be precise, the integral equation is transformed into a non-linear differential equation of the second degree in a variable Y: the uA is a function of the Y, which presents a branching point for the uA value equal to the critical speed. If the flow is totally subsonic, the conditions at the contour are of the necessary and sufficient number to determine the integration constants, and the solution exists. If the flow is transonic, if one admits that the solutionpasses through the branching point twice, and so the flow is continuous, a supplementary condition is introduced that is generally incompatible with the conditions at the contour, and therefore generally no solution exists. If one admits instead that the flow is discontinuous, and therefore the solution passes through the branching point only once, the solution that satisfies the conditions at the contour exists. It is also demonstrated that, as regards the fundamental question of the non-existence of a continuous flow, the results obtained are valid also when the model is perfected in such a way as to make it nearer the real phenomenon.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 4 (1969), S. 207-224 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The general theory about gas-dynamics with nonequilibrium radiative and collisional ionization is applied to the strong normal shock wave. It is shown that the problem is reduced to the solution of a system of two non-linear integral equations. It is proved that, if certain conditions are satisfied, an iteration method, to resolve these equations, can be applied; it turns out then that the fundamental parameter controlling the convergence or non convergence of the procedure is the value of the degree of ionization a just on the front of the shock. Numerical results are given and the physical complete structure of the shock is analized.
    Notes: Sommario La teoria generale relativa alla gasdinamica dei fenomeni caratterizzati da processi di ionizzazione in non equilibrio termodinamico, dovuti alle collisioni ed agli effetti della radiazione, è applicata al caso di un forte urto retto. Il problema è ridotto alla soluzione di un sistema di due equazioni integrali non lineari. Si dimostra che queste equazioni possono essere numericamente risolte con un metodo iterativo, se determinate condizioni risultano soddisfatte; il parametro che controlla la convergenza o non convergenza del procedimento è il valore del grado di ionizzazione α sul fronte dell'urto. Sono riportati i risultati numerici relativi ad alcuni esempi ed è analizzata la completa struttura fisica dell'urto.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 5 (1970), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Virk's criterion on the onset of the Toms phenomenon in dilute polymer solution is shortly considered; a correlation parameter based on the time hypothesis is indicated, which is modified with respect to the usual similar parameter in that dependence of the intrinsic viscosity on the shear rate is taken into account. It is shown an energetic interpretation of such a parameter.
    Notes: Sommario Si considera brevemente il criterio di Virk relativo all'inizio del prodursi del fenomeno di Toms in soluzioni diluite di polimeri in moto turbolento, e si indica un parametro di correlazione dei dati sperimentali basato sul rapporto dei tempi di rilassamento del polimero e caratteristico delle fluttuazioni del moto turbolento, parametro modificato rispetto a quello già considerato da altri autori, in quanto si tiene conto delle variazioni della viscosità intrinseca colla velocità di scorrimento. Si dà di questo parametro una interpretazione energetica.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 6 (1971), S. 23-42 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Re-entry of a spacecraft leads to aerodynamic problems, some of which concern properties of the trajectory, others are related to the various regimes of flow around the body during the re-entry, others still are consequence of the high speeds and high temperature effects. Among these problems are here considered the following: 1) Lifting bodies at hypersonic speeds and high altitude — It has been considered at first the case in which the fluid is continuous; after recalling some known experimental and theoretical researches, there are indicated some new results relating to the “optimum lifting body”. In the non continuous flow (free molecules flow, or intermediate transitional flow) are indicated and discussed the difficulties to obtain a lifting body. Finally some devices to produce lift are indicated and are given the correspondent performances. 2) Shock wave and flow field development in hypersonic re-entry—The various flow regimes in the re-entry of a spacecraft are defined and the altitude boundaries between the various regimes are given according to the Probstein's research. The main conclusions are given and discussed. 3) Aerodynamic heat transfer — The problem of the aerodynamic heating is treated according to the results that have been until now obtained, taking into account the high temperature effects in the stagnation region. 4) Radiative contribution to the mass and energy transfer — Equation of the radiative energy transfer in non equilibrium — Boundary conditions of the equations of the photon's gas — The effects of the radiative contribution to the heat transfer rate in the stagnation region of a blunt body are given according to the researches carried out on this subject. The general equations of a radiating and ionizing gas in non local thermodynamic equilibrium are given and the influence of the non equilibrium on the flow is discussed. The results obtained by applying these general equations to the determination of the structure of a strong normal shock are given and are shown the conclusions that can be applied to the study of the flow in the stagnation region of a blunt body. The boundary conditions for the equation of the radiative energy transfer are written and some experimental and theoretical data are indicated. 5) Problems connected to the ionization in the re-entry; reentry blackout suppression.
    Notes: Sommario Il rientro di un veicolo spaziale presenta svariati problemi aerodinamici, alcuni connessi colle proprietà della traiettoria che esso percorre, altri riferentesi ai veri regimi di flusso durante il rientro, ed altri ancora connessi cogli effetti delle alte temperature. Di questi problemi sono considerati qui i seguenti. 1)Corpi portanti a velocità ipersonica e grande altezza. Si considera dapprima il caso in cui il fluido si possa considerare come continuo, e dopo avere richiamato risultati di precedenti ricerche sperimentali e teoriche, sono indicati nuovi risultati per il « corpo aerodinamico portante ottimo ». Nel caso di flusso non continuo (flusso di molecole libere, e regimi inter medi di transizione) sono indicate e discusse le difficoltà che presenta il problema di ottenere una portanza sufficientemente elevata rispetto alla resistenza. Infine sono indicati alcuni mezzi per produrre portanza e date le caratteristiche corrispondenti. 2)Onda d'urto e regimi di flusso nel rientro ipersonico. Sono definiti i vari regimi di flusso durante il rientro, e indicati i limiti di altezza corrispondenti secondo i risultati delle ricerche di Probstein, e le conclusioni principali di queste sono date e discusse. 3)Riscaldamento aerodinamico. Sono ricordati i principali risultati ottenuti e discussi i complessi fenomeni che si producono nello strato d'urto come conseguenza delle alte temperature. 4)Contributo delle radiazioni al trasporto di energia e di massa. Condizioni al contorno per le equazioni del gas di fotoni. Gli effetti delle radiazioni nella trasmissione termica nella regione di arresto di un corpo arrotondato a prora sono esposti e sono indicate le principali ricerche fatte su questo argomento. Sono riportate le equazioni generali della dinamica di un gas radiante e ionizzantesi ed eccitantesi, in condizioni di non equilibrio locale termodinamico, e sono considerate le conseguenze che derivano dal non equilibrio. Sono discusse le difficoltà che derivano dalle condizioni al contorno per le equazioni del gas di fotoni e date le forme approssimate di esse che utilizzano risultati teorici e sperimentali sulla interazione radiazione-superfici di corpi solidi. Sono indicati i risultati ottenuti applicando le equazioni generali sopra citate al problema della struttura di un'onda d'urto retta intensa e derivate alcune condizioni che possono essere utili nello studio del flusso nella regione di arresto di un corpo arrotondato. 5)Problemi connessi alla regione ionizzata attorno al veicolo nel rientro. Tentativi per la soppressione del « blackout ».
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