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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EVOLUTIONARY PHYSIOLOGY1 (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 31 (2000), S. 315-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary physiology represents an explicit fusion of two complementary approaches: evolution and physiology. Stimulated by four major intellectual and methodological developments (explicit consideration of diverse evolutionary mechanisms, phylogenetic approaches, incorporation of the perspectives and tools of evolutionary genetics and selection studies, and generalization of molecular techniques to exotic organisms), this field achieved prominence during the past decade. It addresses three major questions regarding physiological evolution: (a) What are the historical, ecological, and phylogenetic patterns of physiological evolution? (b) How important are and were each of the known evolutionary processes (natural selection, sexual selection, drift, constraint, genetic coupling/hitchhiking, and others) in engendering or limiting physiological evolution? and (c) How do the genotype, phenotype, physiological performance, and fitness interact in influencing one another's future values? To answer these questions, evolutionary physiology examines extant and historical variation and diversity, standing genetic and phenotypic variability in populations, and past and ongoing natural selection in the wild. Also, it manipulates genotypes, phenotypes, and environments of evolving populations in the laboratory and field. Thus, evolutionary physiology represents the infusion of paradigms, techniques, and approaches of evolutionary biology, genetics, and systematics into physiology. The reciprocal infusion of physiological approaches into evolutionary biology and systematics can likewise have great value and is a future goal. ...each level [of biological integration] offers unique problems and insights, and....each level finds its explanations of mechanism in the levels below, and its significance in the levels above. George A. Bartholomew (7, p. 8)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.315
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS, MOLECULAR CHAPERONES, AND THE STRESS RESPONSE: Evolutionary and Ecological Physiology (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 61 (1999), S. 243-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Molecular chaperones, including the heat-shock proteins (Hsps), are a ubiquitous feature of cells in which these proteins cope with stress-induced denaturation of other proteins. Hsps have received the most attention in model organisms undergoing experimental stress in the laboratory, and the function of Hsps at the molecular and cellular level is becoming well understood in this context. A complementary focus is now emerging on the Hsps of both model and nonmodel organisms undergoing stress in nature, on the roles of Hsps in the stress physiology of whole multicellular eukaryotes and the tissues and organs they comprise, and on the ecological and evolutionary correlates of variation in Hsps and the genes that encode them. This focus discloses that (a) expression of Hsps can occur in nature, (b) all species have hsp genes but they vary in the patterns of their expression, (c) Hsp expression can be correlated with resistance to stress, and (d) species' thresholds for Hsp expression are correlated with levels of stress that they naturally undergo. These conclusions are now well established and may require little additional confirmation; many significant questions remain unanswered concerning both the mechanisms of Hsp-mediated stress tolerance at the organismal level and the evolutionary mechanisms that have diversified the hsp genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.243
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydric constraints upon foraging in a terrestrial salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Oecologia 64 (1984), S. 413-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The time until salamanders voluntarily abandoned foraging (the “water time limit”) and the amount of water lost when salamanders abandoned foraging (“dehydration deficit”) were determined for terrestrial plethodontid salamanders, Desmognathus ochrophaeus, foraging at various vapor pressure gradients in the laboratory. Salamander activity was correlated with the rate of water loss and was inversely related to the water time limit. Animals at 0.35–0.86 kPa vapor pressure gradients abandoned foraging and returned to moist retreats significantly sooner than animals in water-saturated air. The early retreat of animals in dry air was related in part to high rates of water loss and in part to the modest dehydration deficit (3.8%) at which animals abandoned foraging. Locomotor performance and foraging ability were unaffected by dehydration until dehydration deficits exceeded 12%. This suggests that salamanders in unsaturated air abandoned foraging at a low dehydration deficit to conserve and replenish water reserves rather than to avoid outright incapacitation or death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379141
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic metabolism and behavior during predatory encounters between snakes (Thamnophis elegans) and salamanders (Plethodon jordani) (1982)
    Springer
    Oecologia 53 (1982), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. We staged predatory encounters between snakes and salamanders in the laboratory. 2. Both snakes and salamanders accumulated significant quantities of lactic acid (0.3–2.3 mg/g) during predatory encounters. In a typical 14.4 min encounter, lactate concentration reached 260% of resting levels in snake predators and 880% of resting levels in salamander prey. This is one of the first demonstrations of anaerobiosis during natural ‘burst’ activity in both predator and prey. 3. Salamander responses to snake attack were surprisingly variable, and included writhing, thrashing, tail wrapping, tail autotomy, and biting. Antipredator responses were effective in nearly one third of trials. Lactate concentration was significantly correlated with duration of predatory encounters (r=0.57), snake mass, and salamander mass (Table 3). 4. Our calculations suggest that attack and ingestion of prey may cost snakes less than 1% of energy assimilated from prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377141
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salinity tolerance and osmoregulation in the salamanderBatrachoseps (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 102 (1975), S. 123-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Measurements of survival in various dilutions of sea water indicate that some populations of the small (〈1.5 g), terrestrial, plethodontid salamanderBatrachoseps may be among the most euryhaline of amphibians. Both intra- and inter-specific variations are evident in salinity tolerance: populations living close to sea water are more resistant than inland populations; and allB. relictus studied are more resistant thanB. attenuatus, independent of habitat. Salinity tolerance also varies directly with size, and prior acclimation to intermediate salinities improves tolerance to high salinities. Physiological measurements reveal thatBatrachoseps elevates total osmotic pressure like other amphibians. The salamander drinks when in hypersaline media but experiences large losses of tissue water. Its mechanisms of adjusting to hypersaline conditions are distinct from the euryhaline anurans studied (Bufo viridis andRana cancrivora). The salamander shows only moderate hypernatremia and increased chloride levels. There is little or no increase in urea and free amino acids. A major portion of the increased osmotic pressure of the body fluids cannot be accounted for by either loss of water or increased NaCl and urea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691298
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen consumption and body temperature in neotropical and temperate zone lungless salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) (1976)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 110 (1976), S. 197-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Oxygen consumption of 14 neotropical and 12 temperate zone species of lungless salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) was measured in air at 5, 15, and 25°C. 2. Field body temperatures of tropical species decrease with increasing elevation; low altitude forms consistently experience temperatures above those of temperate zone plethodontids and may reach 30°C body temperature. 3. The effect of body size on metabolic rate is equivalent for both groups of salamanders at all temperatures (b=0.8), except for temperate zone forms at 5°C (b=0.6). 4. Tropical salamanders consume less oxygen than temperate zone salamanders of the same size at all temperatures. Weight-corrected metabolic rate at 15°C increases with minimum elevational range in the tropical species. 5. Oxygen consumption shows a greater temperature-related increase (Q 10) from 15 to 23°C than from 5 to 15°C. This and other considerations imply that lunglessness may not restrict plethodontids to cooler microhabitats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00689308
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral and physiological correlates of recovery from exhaustion in the lungless salamanderBatrachoseps attenuatus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 128 (1978), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Slender salamanders,Batrachoseps attenuatus, underwent forced swimming until exhausted. Lactate elimination, rate of oxygen consumption ( $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ ), and recovery from fatique were measured following exhaustion. 2. Ambient oxygen partial pressure ( $$P_{O_2 }$$ ) during the recovery period (in air) affected recovery from fatigue, $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ , and lactate elimination (Fig. 1-3; Table 1). Recovery from fatigue at 1 h after exhaustion was positively correlated with $$P_{O_2 }$$ . 3. At 75 and 157 Torr $$P_{O_2 }$$ , more than 50% of recovery from fatigue occurred in the first 0.5 h after exhaustion (Fig. 4). Recovery from fatigue preceded lactate elimination during this period. All remaining recovery from fatigue required 4.5 additional hours, and occurred synchronously with lactate elimination. Recovery from fatigue was most rapid when $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ was highest. 4. Salamanders restimulated to activity after 0.5 h recovery produced no additional lactate (Table 2). Salamanders were active at whole-body lactate concentrations previously associated with exhaustion. Selective elimination of lactate from locomotor musculature did not occur (Table 2). 5. Oxygen debt functions in both recovery from fatigue and lactate elimination inBatrachoseps. Lactate concentration alone is an inadequate explanation for fatigue and recovery in all amphibians.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00689473
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dependence of oxygen uptake on ambient PO 2 in isolated perfused frog skin (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 162 (1992), S. 646-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Cutaneous gas exchange ; Perfusion ; Hypoxia frog, Rana catesbeiana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rates of O2 uptake across isolated perfused skin of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) were measured in relation to blood flow at three levels of ambient O2 tension: normoxia (O2 tension=152 torr), hypoxia (12% O2, 87 torr) and hyperoxia (42% O2, 306 torr). At bulk perfusion rates ranging from 3.4 to 10.1 μl·cm-2·min-1, O2 uptake was positively correlated with hemoglobin delivery rate in both normoxia and hyperoxia, but was independent of delivery rate in hypoxia. Mean O2 uptake in normoxia was 3.8 nmol O2·cm-2·min-1 at a delivery rate of 9.8 nmol·cm-2·min-1 and 6.5 nmol O2·cm-2·min-1 at a delivery rate of 28.3 nmol·cm-2·min-1. At any given bulk perfusion rate, oxygen uptake averaged about 49% lower in hypoxia than in normoxia, decreasing in proportion to the reduction of O2 tension difference between medium and blood. In hyperoxia, O2 uptake did not increase proportionally with the difference in O2 tension between blood and medium, averaging only 50% higher at a 2.4-fold greater O2 tension difference. Cutaneous diffusing capacity for O2 averaged 0.041 nmol O2·cm-2·torr-1·min-1 during the first hour of perfusion in normoxia, and was not affected by reduction of ambient O2 tension. The results indicate that cutaneous O2 uptake in hypoxia is highly diffusion limited, and consequently, increases in cutaneous perfusion can not effectively compensate for reduction of ambient O2 tension. In hyperoxia, O2 uptake may be substantially perfusion limited because of reduced blood O2 capacitance at high O2 saturations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296646
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  • 9
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    Skin Breathing in Vertebrates (1985)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 1985-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0036-8733
    Electronic ISSN: 1946-7087
    Topics: Biology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 10
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    Evolution and arrangement of the hsp70 gene cluster in two closely related species of the virilis group of Drosophila (2004)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-05
    Print ISSN: 0009-5915
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0886
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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