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  • 1
    Call number: PIK N 076-19-92140
    Description / Table of Contents: "Presenting the first continental-scale assessment of reactive nitrogen in the environment, this book sets the related environmental problems in context by providing a multidisciplinary introduction to the nitrogen cycle processes. Issues of upscaling from farm plot and city to national and continental scales are addressed in detail with emphasis on opportunities for better management at local to global levels. The five key societal threats posed by reactive nitrogen are assessed, providing a framework for joined-up management of the nitrogen cycle in Europe, including the first cost-benefit analysis for different reactive nitrogen forms and future scenarios. Incorporating comprehensive maps, a handy technical synopsis and a summary for policy makers, this landmark volume is an essential reference for academic researchers across a wide range of disciplines, as well as stakeholders and policy makers. It is also a valuable tool in communicating the key environmental issues and future challenges to the wider public"--
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: LI, 612 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    ISBN: 9781107006126 (hardback)
    URL: Cover
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Preface; Summary for policymakers; Technical summary; 1. Assessing our nitrogen inheritance; Part I. Nitrogen in Europe: The Present Position: 2. The European nitrogen problem in a global perspective; 3. Benefits of nitrogen for food fibre and industrial production; 4. Nitrogen in current European policies; 5. The challenge to integrate nitrogen science and policies; Part II. Nitrogen Processing in the Biosphere: 6. Nitrogen processes in terrestrial ecosystems; 7. Nitrogen processes in aquatic ecosystems; 8. Nitrogen processes in coastal and marine ecosystems; 9. Nitrogen processes in the atmosphere; Part III. Nitrogen Flows and Fate at Multiple Scales: 10. Nitrogen flows in farming systems across Europe; 11. Nitrogen flows and fate in rural landscapes; 12. Nitrogen flows and fate in urban landscapes; 13. Nitrogen flows from European watersheds to coastal marine waters; 14. Atmospheric transport and deposition of nitrogen in Europe; 15. Geographic variation in terrestrial nitrogen budgets across Europe; 16. Integrating nitrogen fluxes at the European scale; Part IV. Key Societal Threats of Nitrogen: 17. Nitrogen as a threat to European water quality; 18. Nitrogen as a threat to European air quality; 19. Nitrogen as a threat to the European greenhouse balance; 20. Nitrogen as a threat to European terrestrial biodiversity; 21. Nitrogen as a threat to European soil quality; Part V. European Nitrogen Policies and Future Challenges: 22. Costs and benefits of nitrogen in the environment; 23. Developing integrated approaches to nitrogen management; 24. Future scenarios of nitrogen in Europe; 25. Coordinating European nitrogen policies between directives and international conventions; 26. Societal choice and communicating the European nitrogen challenge; Glossary; Index.
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Flow distortion errors on wind and friction velocity induced by a box simulating the housing of a gas analyzer used in dry deposition eddy correlation measurements were determined in a field experiment. ‘Undisturbed’ and ‘disturbed’ wind and friction velocities, measured with two dry deposition monitoring systems run simultaneously, were compared, one to the other. In the ‘disturbed’ case the box was mounted below the 3-component probe of the sonic anemometer of one of these systems, while in the ‘undisturbed’ case the box was removed. When the probe was located on the upstream side of the box, the results showed satisfactory agreement with theoretical estimates using Wyngaard’s potential-flow approach and a spherical model for the box. This model can be applied to obtain first-order corrections for flow distortion errors induced by cubic-like (or spherical) obstacles such as a gas analyzer housing used in dry deposition research systems, or to determine the optimal location of this housing relative to the sonic probe in such systems. When the probe was located halfway downstream and halfway to the side of the box, the experimental flow distortion errors did not exceed those for the upstream case. This implies that to keep flow distortion errors in dry deposition systems as small as possible the sonic probe can be placed upstream but also to the side of the gas analyzer housing. The results of our experiments also confirmed that correcting for flow distortion with the commonly used tilt equations yields underestimated values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 279-295 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: acidification ; dry and wet deposition ; euthrophication ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A monitoring station for atmospheric deposition was designed and constructed. Three such stations were applied in a pilot project for a year on three sites (Speulder forest in The Netherlands, Auchencorth in Scotland and Melpitz in Germany) in different regions in Europe to estimate local inputs and to validate deposition models which are currently used or developed to estimate ecosystem specific deposition in Europe. Fluxes at Auchencorth Moss are lowest for all components, except for those much influenced by the sea as a source. As Melpitz is located far away from seas, these components are lowest at this site. Wet deposition is the dominant source of input at Auchencorth, whereas at Speulder forest, through its roughness and pollution climate, dry deposition is dominant. At this site dry deposition velocities are highest. Melpitz is a polluted site. Particularly sulphur deposition is high. It is recommended to equip several locations in Europe with intensive deposition monitoring methods. Such a network will be an extension of existing monitoring programmes on air pollution, such as that run by Eurepean Monitoring and Evaluation Programme for the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe (EMEP). The intensive monitoring locations should be selected based on pollution climates and type of vegetation, common in Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; assessment ; eutrophication ; Speulder forest ; vitality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Within the framework of the Dutch Priority Program on Acidification, 10 yr of research was conducted in a Douglas fir stand at Speulder forest. Research was conducted to establish the loads and levels of acidifying and eutrophying pollutants and ozone, to determine forest vitality characteristics and follow growth parameters and nutrient status in time and to determine the effects of reduction of loads and levels by manipulation experiments. Results indicate that during the last 20 yr critical levels for air pollutants have hardly been exceeded except for ozone, which slightly affected assimilation. Elevated nitrogen deposition has caused several adverse effects including (i) inhibited mycorrhizal development, leading to a decreased base cation and phosphorus uptake; (ii) elevated foliage/root (fine and coarse) ratios, making the forest more sensitive to drought and windthrow; (iii) elevated nitrogen and arginine concentrations in the foliage, associated with relative base cation and phosphorus deficiency, and (iv) elevated nitrate leaching polluting the groundwater. High inputs of acidity have caused elevated ratios of Al to base cations, affecting fine root (uptake) and depletion of the readily available Al pool, thus affecting the long-term sustainability. Despite these effects, forest vitality, in terms of defoliation/discoloration, is reasonable and forest growth even increased in response to nitrogen. The exceedances of critical loads for nitrogen and acidity, however, implies a (large) risk for the long-term sustainability of the Speulder forest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: dry deposition ; dry deposition velocity ; forest ; monitoring ; surface resistance ; SO2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In 1990 a project to develop a dry deposition monitoring method of SO2, NH3 and NO2 to Speulder forest in the Netherlands began. Detailed annual deposition fluxes for these gases were measured throughout November 1992 to December 1995. This paper describes the measurement set-up and the analysis of the deposition parameters for SO2. The dry deposition velocity was usually smaller than the maximum Vd, showing a resistance to surface uptake, except for periods when the canopy is wet and surface resistance is negligible. Several methods were tested to estimate annual average fluxes from the gradient measurements. Annual fluxes were estimated by selecting the data for periods fulfilling gradient theory and extending the data by using an inferential method for the other periods. The surface resistance parametrisation used in the inferential method was tested using the selected data and was found to yield systematic larger fluxes of the order of 20%. Annual fluxes were 465 mol ha-1 a-1 in 1992/1993, 460 mol ha-1 a-1 in 1994 and 330 mol ha-1 a-1 in 1995. The uncertainty in the annual flux was estimated to be 25%. The annual average dry deposition velocity was 1.5 cm s-1. No large differences were found in deposition parameters between each of the three years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2101-2106 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: dry and wet deposition ; Europe ; local scale ; modelling ; measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In describing the effects of acidification on the level of ecosystems, acid loads should be available at least on the size of ecosystems. No deposition maps on this resolution are available, hampering accurate estimation of exceedances of critical loads in Europe. Here, maps of small scale fluxes of Europe are presented. The maps are produced in close co-operation with EMEP. The acidifying components taken into account are oxidised sulphur and nitrogen and reduced nitrogen compounds. The method for estimating dry deposition is based on the combination of long-range transport model concentrations provided by EMEP and a detailed description of the dry deposition processes. Dry deposition velocities are calculated on a small scale using the inferential technique. Resistances are modelled using observations of meteorological parameters in Europe and parametrisation of surface exchange processes from deposition measurements. Wet deposition maps are derived using measured concentrations in precipitation in Europe together with precipitation amounts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2389-2394 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; base cations ; Europe ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric deposition of base cations in Europe is mapped on a 10×20 km grid using the inferential modeling technique. Deposition fields are found to resemble the geographic variability of sources, climate and land use. In large parts of southern Europe, more than 50% of the potential acid deposition is found counteracted by deposition of base cations. In central and northwestern Europe, however, base cation deposition usually amounts less than 25% of the acid input. An uncertainty analysis to assess the quality of the base cation deposition maps revealed that for an average grid cell the deviation from the estimated value can be as large as 140%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: wet deposition ; Europe ; acidifying components ; base cations ; measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Precipitation concentrations in 1989 on a European scale were obtained from national organisations responsible for wet deposition monitoring in their countries and from the EMEP database. In total, results from about 750 monitoring locations scattered over Europe were gathered. Spatial analysis based on Regionalised Variable Theory revealed auto-correlation in all ion concentrations and reasonable bounded models were fitted to the experimental variograms. Maps of concentrations of acidifying components and base cations were compiled on a 50×50 km scale using the block-kriging interpolation technique. To obtain fluxes, concentrations were multiplied by long-term mean precipitation amounts from the EPA database. An extensive uncertainty analysis was performed to assess the quality of the maps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2253-2258 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: canopy budget modeling ; throughfall ; atmospheric deposition ; canopy exchang
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A canopy exchange model is presented which allows atmospheric deposition to be estimated from longterm throughfall and precipitation measurements. For a forest in the Netherlands, the combination of throughfall measurements and this model resulted in deposition estimates which were similar to deposition estimates derived from micrometeorological measurements and inferential modeling, deposition of NOy being the only exception. Unfortunately, several basic assumptions in the canopy exchange model are not properly evaluated, which up to now limits its application. Suggestions are made on how the model can be improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1996-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0006-8314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1472
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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