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  • 1
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    Earth's albedo variations 1998-2014 as measured from ground-based earthshine observations (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-05
    Description: The Earth's albedo is a fundamental climate parameter for understanding the radiation budget of the atmosphere. It has been traditionally measured from space platforms, but also from the ground for sixteen years from Big Bear Solar Observatory by observing the Moon. The photometric ratio of the dark (earthshine) to the bright (moonshine) sides of the Moon is used to determine nightly anomalies in the terrestrial albedo, with the aim is of quantifying sustained monthly, annual and/or decadal changes. We find two modest decadal scale cycles in the albedo, but with no significant net change over the sixteen years of accumulated data. Within the evolution of the two cycles, we find periods of sustained annual increases, followed by comparable sustained decreases in albedo. The evolution of the earthshine albedo is in remarkable agreement with that from the CERES instruments, although each method measures different slices of the Earth's Bond albedo.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Contrails developed under frontal influences of the North Atlantic (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: Satellite imagery reveals a visually striking pattern of persistent line-shaped contrails located to the Northwest of the British Isles on 1 September 2007, just before sunrise. These contrails formed over the heavily trafficked eastbound North Atlantic Track (NAT) flight paths, as they intersected an area of prefrontal mixing. The high relative humidity with respect to ice within the prefrontal mixing zone allowed the contrails to persist, while the strictly regulated flight paths over the region account for their remarkable shapes. The positioning of the NAT flight paths to take advantage of the jet stream likely maximized regional contrail formation. An estimation of the outgoing top of the atmosphere longwave (LW) flux from the CERES instrument shows that the contrails reduced the local instantaneous LW emissivity by 20.96 (±0.26) W/m2. This example demonstrates that for middle latitude regions, prefrontal mixing is an important factor governing the radiative influence of contrails. However, a full estimation of the radiative impact is not possible, as we cannot specify the amount of shortwave forcing caused by the persistence of the contrails into daytime; moreover, several hours after formation the line-shaped contrails spread and overlapped with pre-existing cloud structures.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    The impact of the Kasatochi eruption on the Moon's illumination during the August 2008 lunar eclipse (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-21
    Description: The Moon's changeable aspect during a lunar eclipse is largely attributable to variations in the refracted unscattered sunlight absorbed by the terrestrial atmosphere that occur as the satellite crosses the Earth's shadow. The contribution to the Moon's aspect from sunlight scattered at the Earth's terminator is generally deemed minor. However, our analysis of a published spectrum of the 16 August 2008 lunar eclipse shows that diffuse sunlight is a major component of the measured spectrum at wavelengths shorter than 600 nm. The conclusion is supported by two distinct features, namely the spectrum's tail at short wavelengths and the unequal absorption by an oxygen collisional complex at two nearby bands. Our findings are consistent with the presence of the volcanic cloud reported at high northern latitudes following the 7–8 August 2008 eruption in Alaska of the Kasatochi volcano. The cloud both attenuates the unscattered sunlight and enhances moderately the scattered component, thus modifying the contrast between the two contributions.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Earth's transmission spectrum from lunar eclipse observations (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-12
    Description: Of the 342 planets so far discovered orbiting other stars, 58 'transit' the stellar disk, meaning that they can be detected through a periodic decrease in the flux of starlight. The light from the star passes through the atmosphere of the planet, and in a few cases the basic atmospheric composition of the planet can be estimated. As we get closer to finding analogues of Earth, an important consideration for the characterization of extrasolar planetary atmospheres is what the transmission spectrum of our planet looks like. Here we report the optical and near-infrared transmission spectrum of the Earth, obtained during a lunar eclipse. Some biologically relevant atmospheric features that are weak in the reflection spectrum (such as ozone, molecular oxygen, water, carbon dioxide and methane) are much stronger in the transmission spectrum, and indeed stronger than predicted by modelling. We also find the 'fingerprints' of the Earth's ionosphere and of the major atmospheric constituent, molecular nitrogen (N(2)), which are missing in the reflection spectrum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palle, Enric -- Osorio, Maria Rosa Zapatero -- Barrena, Rafael -- Montanes-Rodriguez, Pilar -- Martin, Eduardo L -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 11;459(7248):814-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08050.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Via Lactea s/n, E38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. epalle@iac.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19516335" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 5
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    Changes in Earth's reflectance over the past two decades (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-29
    Description: We correlate an overlapping period of earthshine measurements of Earth's reflectance (from 1999 through mid-2001) with satellite observations of global cloud properties to construct from the latter a proxy measure of Earth's global shortwave reflectance. This proxy shows a steady decrease in Earth's reflectance from 1984 to 2000, with a strong climatologically significant drop after 1995. From 2001 to 2003, only earthshine data are available, and they indicate a complete reversal of the decline. Understanding how the causes of these decadal changes are apportioned between natural variability, direct forcing, and feedbacks is fundamental to confidently assessing and predicting climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palle, E -- Goode, P R -- Montanes-Rodriguez, P -- Koonin, S E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1299-301.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Big Bear Solar Observatory, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 40386 North Shore Lane, Big Bear City, CA 92314, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15166373" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Biosignatures as revealed by spectropolarimetry of Earthshine (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: Low-resolution intensity spectra of Earth's atmosphere obtained from space reveal strong signatures of life ('biosignatures'), such as molecular oxygen and methane with abundances far from chemical equilibrium, as well as the presence of a 'red edge' (a sharp increase of albedo for wavelengths longer than 700 nm) caused by surface vegetation. Light passing through the atmosphere is strongly linearly polarized by scattering (from air molecules, aerosols and cloud particles) and by reflection (from oceans and land). Spectropolarimetric observations of local patches of Earth's sky light from the ground contain signatures of oxygen, ozone and water, and are used to characterize the properties of clouds and aerosols. When applied to exoplanets, ground-based spectropolarimetry can better constrain properties of atmospheres and surfaces than can standard intensity spectroscopy. Here we report disk-integrated linear polarization spectra of Earthshine, which is sunlight that has been first reflected by Earth and then reflected back to Earth by the Moon. The observations allow us to determine the fractional contribution of clouds and ocean surface, and are sensitive to visible areas of vegetation as small as 10 per cent. They represent a benchmark for the diagnostics of the atmospheric composition, mean cloud height and surfaces of exoplanets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sterzik, Michael F -- Bagnulo, Stefano -- Palle, Enric -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 29;483(7387):64-6. doi: 10.1038/nature10778.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile. msterzik@eso.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22382980" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols/analysis/chemistry ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; *Earth (Planet) ; Extraterrestrial Environment/chemistry ; *Life ; Methane/analysis/metabolism ; Moon ; Oxygen/analysis/metabolism ; Ozone/chemistry ; Planets ; Plant Development ; Plants/metabolism/radiation effects ; Seawater/chemistry ; *Sunlight ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarographic determination of hydroxylamines and some hydrazine derivatives (1969)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 41 (1969), S. 1322-1324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60279a046
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Essential self-adjointness of semibounded operators (1978)
    Springer
    Mathematische Annalen 237 (1978), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1807
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01351681
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial differential operators and discrete subgroups of a Lie group (1980)
    Springer
    Mathematische Annalen 247 (1980), S. 101-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1807
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01364136
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Approximately invariant subspaces for unbounded linear operators. II (1977)
    Springer
    Mathematische Annalen 227 (1977), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1807
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01350194
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