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  • 1
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    Observed climate change hot-spots (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-10
    Description: We quantify climate change hot-spots from observations, taking into account the differences in precipitation and temperature statistics (mean, variability and extremes) between 1981-2010 and 1951-1980. Areas in the Amazon, the Sahel, tropical West Africa, Indonesia and central eastern Asia emerge as primary observed hot-spots. The main contributing factors are the global increase in mean temperatures, the intensification of extreme hot-season occurrence in low-latitude regions and the decrease of precipitation over central Africa. Temperature and precipitation variability have been substantially stable over the past decades, with only a few areas showing significant changes against the background climate variability. The regions identified from the observations are remarkably similar to those defined from projections of global climate models under a “business-as-usual” scenario, indicating that climate change hot-spots are robust and persistent over time. These results provide a useful background to develop global policy decisions on adaptation and mitigation priorities over near-time horizons.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Precipitation in the Hindu-Kush Karakoram Himalaya: Observations and future scenarios (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-17
    Description: [1]  We study the properties of precipitation in the Hindu-Kush Karakoram Himalaya (HKKH) region using currently available data sets. We consider satellite rainfall estimates (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission), reanalyses (ERA-Interim), gridded in situ rain gauge data (Asian Precipitation Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources, Climate Research Unit, and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre), and a merged satellite and rain gauge climatology (Global Precipitation Climatology Project). The data are compared with simulation results from the global climate model EC-Earth. All data sets, despite having different resolutions, coherently reproduce the mean annual cycle of precipitation in the western and eastern stretches of the HKKH. While for the Himalaya only a strong summer precipitation signal is present, associated with the monsoon, the data indicate that the Hindu-Kush Karakoram, which is exposed to midlatitude “western weather patterns”, receives water inputs in winter. Time series of seasonal precipitation confirm that the various data sets provide a consistent measurement of interannual variability for the HKKH. The longest observational data sets indicate a statistically significant decreasing trend in Himalaya during summer. None of the data sets gives statistically significant precipitation trends in Hindu-Kush Karakoram during winter. Precipitation data from EC-Earth are in good agreement with the climatology of the observations (rainfall distribution and seasonality). The evolution of precipitation under two different future scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) reveals an increasing trend over the Himalaya during summer, associated with an increase in wet extremes and daily intensity and a decrease in the number of rainy days. Unlike the observations, the model shows an increasing precipitation trend also in the period 1950–2009, possibly as a result of the poor representation of aerosols in this type of GCMs.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Photometry and spectroscopy of the GRB 970508 optical counterpart (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-27
    Description: An optical transient within the error box of the gamma ray burst GRB 970508 was imaged 4 hours after the event. It displayed a strong ultraviolet excess, and reached maximum brightness 2 days later. The optical spectra did not show any emission lines, and no variations on time scales of minutes were observed for 1 hour during the decline phase. According to the fireball and afterglow models, the intensity should rise monotonically before the observed optical maximum, but the data indicate that another physical mechanism may be responsible for the constant phase seen during the first hours after the burst.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Castro-Tirado -- Gorosabel -- Benitez -- Wolf -- Fockenbrock -- Martinez-Gonzalez -- Kristen -- Broeils -- Pedersen -- Greiner -- Costa -- Feroci -- Piro -- Frontera -- Nicastro -- Palazzi -- Bartolini -- Guarnieri -- Masetti -- Piccioni -- Mignoli -- Wold -- Lacy -- Birkle -- Broadhurst -- et -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 13;279(5353):1011-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉A. J. Castro-Tirado and J. Gorosabel, Laboratorio de Astrofisica Espacial y Fisica Fundamental, INTA, Madrid, Spain. N. Benitez and E. Martinez-Gonzalez, Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, Santander, Spain. C. Wolf, R. Fockenbrock, K. Birkle, Ma.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9461429" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Discovery of a transient absorption edge in the X-ray spectrum of GRB 990705 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-04
    Description: We report the discovery of a transient equivalent hydrogen column density with an absorption edge at approximately 3.8 kiloelectron volts in the spectrum of the prompt x-ray emission of gamma-ray burst (GRB) 990705. This feature can be satisfactorily modeled with a photoelectric absorption by a medium located at a redshift of approximately 0.86 and with an iron abundance of approximately 75 times the solar one. The transient behavior is attributed to the strong ionization produced in the circumburst medium by the GRB photons. The high iron abundance points to the existence of a burst environment enriched by a supernova along the line of sight. The supernova explosion is estimated to have occurred about 10 years before the burst. Our results agree with models in which GRBs originate from the collapse of very massive stars and are preceded by a supernova event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Amati, L -- Frontera, F -- Vietri, M -- in 't Zand, J J -- Soffitta, P -- Costa, E -- Del Sordo, S -- Pian, E -- Piro, L -- Antonelli, L A -- Fiume, D D -- Feroci, M -- Gandolfi, G -- Guidorzi, C -- Heise, J -- Kuulkers, E -- Masetti, N -- Montanari, E -- Nicastro, L -- Orlandini, M -- Palazzi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 3;290(5493):953-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Istituto di Tecnologie e Studio delle Radiazioni Extraterrestri, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy. amati@tesre.bo.cnr.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11062120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Decay of the GRB 990123 optical afterglow: implications for the fireball model (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-03-26
    Description: Broad-band (ultraviolet to near-infrared) observations of the intense gamma ray burst GRB 990123 started approximately 8.5 hours after the event and continued until 18 February 1999. When combined with other data, in particular from the Robotic Telescope and Transient Source Experiment (ROTSE) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), evidence emerges for a smoothly declining light curve, suggesting some color dependence that could be related to a cooling break passing the ultraviolet-optical band at about 1 day after the high-energy event. The steeper decline rate seen after 1.5 to 2 days may be evidence for a collimated jet pointing toward the observer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Castro-Tirado -- Zapatero-Osorio -- Caon -- Cairos -- Hjorth -- Pedersen -- Andersen -- Gorosabel -- Bartolini -- Guarnieri -- Piccioni -- Frontera -- Masetti -- Palazzi -- Pian -- Greiner -- Hudec -- Sagar -- Pandey -- Mohan V -- Yadav -- Nilakshi -- Bjornsson -- Jakobsson -- Burud I -- et -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Mar 26;283(5410):2069-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, IAA-CSIC, Granada, Spain. Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. Astronomical Observatory, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Nordic Optical Telescope, La Palma, T.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10092226" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    GRB 090423 at a redshift of z approximately 8.1 (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-30
    Description: Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced by rare types of massive stellar explosion. Their rapidly fading afterglows are often bright enough at optical wavelengths that they are detectable at cosmological distances. Hitherto, the highest known redshift for a GRB was z = 6.7 (ref. 1), for GRB 080913, and for a galaxy was z = 6.96 (ref. 2). Here we report observations of GRB 090423 and the near-infrared spectroscopic measurement of its redshift, z = 8.1(-0.3)(+0.1). This burst happened when the Universe was only about 4 per cent of its current age. Its properties are similar to those of GRBs observed at low/intermediate redshifts, suggesting that the mechanisms and progenitors that gave rise to this burst about 600,000,000 years after the Big Bang are not markedly different from those producing GRBs about 10,000,000,000 years later.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Salvaterra, R -- Valle, M Della -- Campana, S -- Chincarini, G -- Covino, S -- D'Avanzo, P -- Fernandez-Soto, A -- Guidorzi, C -- Mannucci, F -- Margutti, R -- Thone, C C -- Antonelli, L A -- Barthelmy, S D -- De Pasquale, M -- D'Elia, V -- Fiore, F -- Fugazza, D -- Hunt, L K -- Maiorano, E -- Marinoni, S -- Marshall, F E -- Molinari, E -- Nousek, J -- Pian, E -- Racusin, J L -- Stella, L -- Amati, L -- Andreuzzi, G -- Cusumano, G -- Fenimore, E E -- Ferrero, P -- Giommi, P -- Guetta, D -- Holland, S T -- Hurley, K -- Israel, G L -- Mao, J -- Markwardt, C B -- Masetti, N -- Pagani, C -- Palazzi, E -- Palmer, D M -- Piranomonte, S -- Tagliaferri, G -- Testa, V -- England -- Nature. 2009 Oct 29;461(7268):1258-60. doi: 10.1038/nature08445.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate (LC), Italy. salvaterra@mib.infn.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19865166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    The unusual gamma-ray burst GRB 101225A explained as a minor body falling onto a neutron star (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-02
    Description: The tidal disruption of a solar-mass star around a supermassive black hole has been extensively studied analytically and numerically. In these events, the star develops into an elongated banana-shaped structure. After completing an eccentric orbit, the bound debris falls into the black hole, forming an accretion disk and emitting radiation. The same process may occur on planetary scales if a minor body passes too close to its star. In the Solar System, comets fall directly into our Sun or onto planets. If the star is a compact object, the minor body can become tidally disrupted. Indeed, one of the first mechanisms invoked to produce strong gamma-ray emission involved accretion of comets onto neutron stars in our Galaxy. Here we report that the peculiarities of the 'Christmas' gamma-ray burst (GRB 101225A) can be explained by a tidal disruption event of a minor body around an isolated Galactic neutron star. This would indicate either that minor bodies can be captured by compact stellar remnants more frequently than occurs in the Solar System or that minor-body formation is relatively easy around millisecond radio pulsars. A peculiar supernova associated with a gamma-ray burst provides an alternative explanation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Campana, S -- Lodato, G -- D'Avanzo, P -- Panagia, N -- Rossi, E M -- Della Valle, M -- Tagliaferri, G -- Antonelli, L A -- Covino, S -- Ghirlanda, G -- Ghisellini, G -- Melandri, A -- Pian, E -- Salvaterra, R -- Cusumano, G -- D'Elia, V -- Fugazza, D -- Palazzi, E -- Sbarufatti, B -- Vergani, S D -- England -- Nature. 2011 Nov 30;480(7375):69-71. doi: 10.1038/nature10592.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy. sergio.campana@brera.inaf.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22129725" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    The metamorphosis of supernova SN 2008D/XRF 080109: a link between supernovae and GRBs/hypernovae (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-26
    Description: The only supernovae (SNe) to show gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) or early x-ray emission thus far are overenergetic, broad-lined type Ic SNe (hypernovae, HNe). Recently, SN 2008D has shown several unusual features: (i) weak x-ray flash (XRF), (ii) an early, narrow optical peak, (iii) disappearance of the broad lines typical of SN Ic HNe, and (iv) development of helium lines as in SNe Ib. Detailed analysis shows that SN 2008D was not a normal supernova: Its explosion energy (E approximately 6x10(51) erg) and ejected mass [ approximately 7 times the mass of the Sun (M(middle dot in circle))] are intermediate between normal SNe Ibc and HNe. We conclude that SN 2008D was originally a approximately 30 M(middle dot in circle) star. When it collapsed, a black hole formed and a weak, mildly relativistic jet was produced, which caused the XRF. SN 2008D is probably among the weakest explosions that produce relativistic jets. Inner engine activity appears to be present whenever massive stars collapse to black holes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mazzali, Paolo A -- Valenti, Stefano -- Della Valle, Massimo -- Chincarini, Guido -- Sauer, Daniel N -- Benetti, Stefano -- Pian, Elena -- Piran, Tsvi -- D'Elia, Valerio -- Elias-Rosa, Nancy -- Margutti, Raffaella -- Pasotti, Francesco -- Antonelli, L Angelo -- Bufano, Filomena -- Campana, Sergio -- Cappellaro, Enrico -- Covino, Stefano -- D'Avanzo, Paolo -- Fiore, Fabrizio -- Fugazza, Dino -- Gilmozzi, Roberto -- Hunter, Deborah -- Maguire, Kate -- Maiorano, Elisabetta -- Marziani, Paola -- Masetti, Nicola -- Mirabel, Felix -- Navasardyan, Hripsime -- Nomoto, Ken'ichi -- Palazzi, Eliana -- Pastorello, Andrea -- Panagia, Nino -- Pellizza, L J -- Sari, Re'em -- Smartt, Stephen -- Tagliaferri, Gianpiero -- Tanaka, Masaomi -- Taubenberger, Stefan -- Tominaga, Nozomu -- Trundle, Carrie -- Turatto, Massimo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 29;321(5893):1185-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1158088. Epub 2008 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck Institut fur Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany. mazzali@mpa-garching.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218 (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 442 (2006), S. 1011-1013 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Long-duration γ-ray bursts (GRBs) are associated with type Ic supernovae that are more luminous than average and that eject material at very high velocities. Less-luminous supernovae were not hitherto known to be associated with GRBs, and therefore GRB–supernovae were thought to be ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05082
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discovery of an X-ray afterglow associated with the γ-ray burst of 28 February 1997 (1997)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 387 (1997), S. 783-785 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Establishing the nature of γ-ray bursts is one of the greatest challenges in high-energy astrophysics. The distribution of these bursts is isotropic across the sky, but inhomogeneous in space, with a deficit of faint bursts. It is currently unknown whether γ-ray bursts are produced ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/387783a0
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