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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 4 (1986), S. 81-92 
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The application of experimental laser diagnostic techniques to the study of turbulent flame propagation in homogeneous-charge internal combustion engines is demonstrated. A variety of laser refraction and scattering techniques are employed: the qualitative shape and detailed internal turbulence structure of the flame surface is investigated using laser schlieren photography; the flame location and local flame speed are measured using multibeam laser refraction; the instantaneous flame thickness is measured using Rayleigh scattering; gas temperatures are measured using Rayleigh and Raman scattering; gas velocity, turbulence intensities, and time scales of turbulence are measured using laser Doppler velocimetry. The problem of cyclic variation bias in turbulence measurements is addressed using conditional sampling procedures that involve the simultaneous implementation of multiple diagnostics. This paper focuses on the thermodynamic and fluid mechanic properties of interest to turbulence combustion studies, illustrating how laser diagnostics can be used to research the critical areas of interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 87 (1972), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ribosomal RNA components of 12 species of blue-green algae have been characterized. The 23S RNA of most species is labile and discrete cleavage products were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In contrast, the 23S and 16S RNA's of three species, Anacystis nidulans, Nostoc sp. and Oscillatoria tenuis were essentially undegraded (apart from a “hidden” break in some of the 23S RNA molecules) and these are the most suitable species for further study. The undegraded 23S and 16S RNA's have similar molecular weights (1.07×106 and 0.53–0.54×106 respectively) to the corresponding molecules from bacteria and eukaryote chloroplasts. The nucleotide base compositions of separated, intact, 23S and 16S RNA's from blue-green algae are also of the prokaryotic type. For instance, the (G+C) content of each RNA is approximately 52 moles % and the (G-C)+(A-U) values are high (16–24 moles %). Blue-green algae, like other organisms, contain a 5S ribosomal RNA. Its electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels and its behaviour on methylated-albumen-kieselguhr-columns relative to E. coli, plant cytoplasmic and plant chloroplast 5S RNA's, are described.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 264 (1976), S. 48-49 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A linear step-wise regression analysis was first carried out on 30 yr of rainfall data and the associated value of L (1942?71). In this way the independent variables, L, can be quickly assessed for their importance in predicting rainfall. The analysis was carried out on the total annual rainfall ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Materials and structures 27 (1994), S. 606-615 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Pour réussir une cure satisfaisante, il faut empêcher une évaporation d'eau excessive à la surface d'un béton fraîchement coulé. Faut de quoi, le taux d'hydratation du ciment se trouvera abaissé et le béton manifestera des propriétés défavorables, tels une qualité superficielle médiocre et un développement insuffisant de la résistance à la compression. La conservation peut s'effectuer de différentes façons en sorte d'assurer une teneur en eau suffisante pour que l'hydratation du ciment puisse se produire. Cependant, il n'est pas toujours possible, pour des raisons économiques, d'assurer une cure satisfaisante du béton. Dans cet article, on traite de l'obtention d'une cure optimale sans recourir à des méthodes extérieures de protection. On discute de la possibilité de protéger le béton de l'évaporation d'eau au moyen de produits hydrosolubles incorporés au moment du malaxage, assurant ainsi une ‘auto-cure’ du béton. En mesurant la perte de poids, on a contrôlé la capacité des adjuvants chimiques à réduire l'évaporation de la solution et à améliorer la rétention d'eau de pâtes de ciment Portlant ordinaires. Les éprouvettes ont été congelées en atmosphère sèche à des âges prédéterminés afin de stopper l'hydratation, et on a effectué des mesures par diffraction X (XRD) et thermogravimétrie (TG) pour évaluer si une amélioration de la rétention d'eau était assotie d'une augmentation du degré d'hydratation du ciment. On a mené des essais d'absorption initiale de la surface (ISAT) et mesuré la résistance à la compression sur des cubes de béton dans le but de déterminer respectivement la perméabilité de la surface et le développement de la résistance. On a observé la fissuration dans la pâte de ciment à l'aide du microscope électronique à balayage afin de déterminer l'influence des adjuvants sur la microstructure de la pâte. On a trouvé qu'on pouvait améliorer la rétention d'eau par un adjuvant chimique. Cependant, il est aussi apparu que le degré d'hydratation de la pâte de ciment n'augmentait pas forcément dans une proportion correspondante. Deux des adjuvants chimiques étudiés ont eu un effet d'auto-cure significatif. L'un d'eux améliorait l'hydratation au-delà de la rétention d'eau. Ceci peut s'expliquer de la façon suivante: cet adjuvant abaisse la concentration à partir de laquelle l'hydroxyde de calcium (CH) n'est plus en solution, permettant ainsi une hydratation supplémentaire. On a remarqué que les cristaux CH observés au microscope électronique SEM dans la pâte de ciment contenant l'adjuvant chimique étaient de nature très différente de ceux observés dans le contrôle, ce qui renforce l'idée que la formation de cristaux CH est affectée. On a observé par SEM que l'un des adjuvants chimiques impropre en tant que mélange ‘auto-conservant’, formait, à l'intérieur de la pâte de ciment, un film qui semblait réduire le degré d'hydratation des particules de ciment en contact.
    Notes: Abstract To achieve good cure, excessive evaporation of water from a freshly cast concrete surface should be prevented. Failure to do this will lead to the degree of cement hydration being lowered and the concrete developing unsatisfactory properties. Curing can be performed in a number of ways to ensure that an adequate amount of water is available for cement hydration to occur. However, it is not alway possible to cure concrete satisfactorily. This paper is concerned with achieving optimum cure of concrete without the need for applying external curing methods. The feasibility of curing concrete by adding water-soluble chemicals during mixing that reduce water evaporation in the set concrete, making it ‘self-curing’ is discussed. The chemicals' abilities to reduce evaporation from solution and to improve water retention in ordinary Portand cement was monitored by measuring weight-loss. x-Ray powder diffraction and thermogravimetry measurements were made to assess whether any improvement in water retention was matched by an increase in degree of cement hydration. Initial surface absorption tests and compressive strength measurements were made to determine surface permeability and strength development, respectively. The scanning electron microscope was used to determine the influence of the admixtures on cement paste microstructure. It was found that two of the chemicals studied had a significant ‘self-curing’ effect. One of these chemicals enhanced hydration further than simply by means of water retention. A possible explanation of this behaviour is given.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 236 (1972), S. 237-238 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Bennett and Scott4 extended these observations by studying changes in chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribosomes of susceptible barley leaves after infection. Five days after inoculation with powdery mildew a 50% decrease was observed in the amount of chloroplast ribosomes and at nine days after ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 265 (1977), S. 434-435 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The data are taken from selected parts of the main corn growing region in South Africa (Fig. 1), namely, four spatially representative sub-regions in the Orange Free State. The data, for the period 1949/50 to 1964/5 consist of corn yields in 200 Ib bags per morgen, monthly rainfall totals and mean ...
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions ; Mitochondrial genome ; Chondriome variability ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Although the mitochondrial genomes of the Chinese Spring and Aquila varieties of wheat are normaly similar in organization, this is not so in tissue cultures initiated from their immature embryos where the mitochondrial genomes of both are rearranged and in different, characteristic, ways. However, the mitochondrial genomes of tissue cultures of reciprocal F1 crosses between these varieties were almost identical to one another, showing that nuclear genes control the rearrangement processes. These rearrangements are either due to the appearance of new structures or else result from changes in the relative amounts of subgenomic components. The severe reduction in the amount of certain molecular configurations in tissue cultures from reciprocal crosses is probably due to the presence of dominant information in the Aquila nuclear genome. Data obtained from tissue cultures initiated from F2 embryos of the cross Aquila x Chinese Spring suggest that at least two complementary genes are involved in this control. In contrast, the presence of new molecular arrangements appears to be under the control of a dominant allelic form of a Chinese Spring gene or genes. Thus, this study demonstrates that at least two sets of nuclear genes control the reorganization of the mitochondrial genome which occurs when tissue cultures are initiated from the immature embryos of wheat.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ribosome preparations from several species of flowering plant were found to contain ribonuclease. It was predominantly latent in ionic conditions which maintained the integrity of the ribosomes but was activated by agents which disrupted ribosome structure by chelating their divalent cations. The ribonuclease was not a structural component of the ribosomes but was preferentially adsorbed by them upon disruption of cells. Adsorption took place onto both large and small ribosomal subunits, and onto monosomes and polysomes. These results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms for the breakdown of ribosomal RNA in vivo.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 393-399 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Autopolyploidy ; Chloroplast DNA variation ; Dactylis glomerata L. ; Intraspecific evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chloroplast DNA variation has been used to examine some of the maternal lineages involved in the evolution of the intraspecific polyploid complex, Dactylis glomerata L. Diploid (2x) and tetraploid (4x) individuals were collected from natural populations of the subspecies glomerata (4x), marina (4x) and lusitanica (2x), as well as from sympatric 2x/4x populations of the Galician type. Digestion of their ctDNA with 11 restriction endonucleases revealed enough variation to characterise three ctDNA variants, designated MBMK, MBmK and mBMK. The distribution of these ctDNA variants reflects different stages in their spread among the populations. The MBMK ctDNA variant predominated at both ploidy levels in subspecies glomerata, lusitanica and marina, and in recent tetraploid Galician/glomerata hybrids. The MBmK variant was detected in a single tetraploid individual and probably results from a relatively recent mutation. Fixation of the mBMK minority variant in the diploid and tetraploid Galician populations adds to the evidence concerning the possible origin of the Galician tetraploids. It means that the Galician diploids were maternal ancestors of the tetraploids. This result complements evidence from earlier studies based on morphology or biochemical markers, and reduces the likelihood that the tetraploids arose by hybridisation between an ancient Galician diploid and an alien tetraploid. It is, however, consistent with a true autopolyploid origin of the tetraploids.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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