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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1858
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Microsystems recently have been introduced as tools for screening in modern chemistry, biochemistry and biology. It has been shown that new microsystems can be implemented in the biomedical laboratory by using the microsystemic approach for the sample carrier – the miniaturized microtiter plate (“the nanotiter plate”) – or the production of nanodroplets with ink jetters and to integrate those systems in macrodevices like xyz tables and detection devices like CCD-cameras. We show in this paper that decisive problems of the approach – the evaporation problem and the problem of chemical/biochemical/biological compatibility of the assays and the used materials can be solved successfully. It is possible to realize chemical synthesis in miniaturized flow systems and to perform isothermal amplification of RNA in silicon wafers. Furthermore real high throughput screening with in vivo systems can be performed and all relevant parameters as evaporation, pipetting and detection can be controlled on reasonable time scales.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 4393-4397 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A procedure for operating an Eigler-style, low temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM) at variable temperatures has been developed. A critical exchange gas pressure regime was found to allow for controlled variation of the STM temperature while it is encapsulated in a liquid helium Dewar. The sensitivity of various parameters to the ability to generate stable variable temperatures above 4 K is discussed. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-6052
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract. We analyze the dependence of heavy quark free energies on the baryon chemical potential μb in 2-flavor QCD by performing a 6th order Taylor expansion in the chemical potential which circumvents the sign problem. The bare quark mass at $\hat m / T = 0.4$ corresponds to a pion mass of about 770 MeV and is thus not in the range of physical quark masses but the quark mass dependence is known to be small above Tc. At Nτ = 4 the lattices are coarse, however, we are using improved (p4 staggered) fermions. The Taylor expansion coefficients of color singlet and color averaged free energies are calculated and from this the expansion coefficients for the corresponding screening masses are determined. We find that for small μb the free energies of a static quark-antiquark pair decrease in a medium with a net excess of quarks and that screening is well described by a screening mass which increases with increasing μb. The μb-dependent corrections to the screening masses are well described by perturbation theory for T ≳ 2Tc. In particular, we find for all temperatures above Tc that the expansion coefficients for singlet and color averaged screening masses differ by a factor 2.PACS. 11.15.Ha, 11.10.Wx, 12.38Gc, 12.38.Mh
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 54 (1992), S. 120-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.70 ; 73.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on temperature (77 to 300 K) and voltage dependent low frequency (100 Hz to 100 kHz) noise behavior of InGaAs/InP photodiodes in non-equilibrium steady state. In addition to common white, 1/f, and Lorentz noise we are able to observe for the first time minima and maxima in the photocurrent noise spectra. The recombination of a pair of free carriers through a recombination center at the heterointerface provides the correlation between the electron and hole ensembles necessary to explain the observed noise reduction.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 38 (1992), S. 239-253 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: complexes ; coordination chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Zersetzung Verhalten der Komplexverbindungen vom Typ C0D2I2 (P = acetylaceton, Benzoylaceton;I = Imidazol oder Derivate) erfolgt stufenweise. Im Falle vonD = Acetylaceton erfolgt zuerst eine Eliminierung von Acetylaceton wärend beiD = Benzoylaceton zuerst ein Heteroligand eine Abspaltung erfährt. Bei einer unsubstituiertenΒ-Position von Nickelacyclen des Typs (bipy)Ni(CH2CH2CH2COO) erfolgt eine thermisch induzierteΒ-Hydrideliminierung unter Ringspaltung und Freisetzung von CO2. Im Gegensatz zur hohen thermischen Stabilität des Trimesityl Aluminium erfahren die Zwischenverbindungen Almes2Cl und AlmesCl2 mit abnehmenden Mesityl- bzw. zunehmenden Chlorgehalt einen wessentlich früheren thermischen Zerfall. Bei zunehmenden Kovalenzgrad ist hier ein Einfluss der veränderten Polarisation anzunehmen. Der thermische Abbau der prinzipiell wasserhaltig kristallisierenden Nickelchelate von alkylsubstituierten Chinolin-8-ol beginnt jeweils mit der Dehydratisierung. In Abhängigkeit von der Kettenlänge und der Position der Substitution am Chinolin schliesst sich der thermische Abbau der Chelatliganden ein- bzw. mehrstufig an.
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of complexes of the type MeD2I2 (Me=Co,D = acetylacetone or benzoylacetone,I = imidazole and derivatives in the course of the stepwise thermal degradation is different. In the case ofD = acetylacetone in the first step acetylacetone is split off. At D = benzoylacetone the decomposition starts with the partial elimination of the heterocyclic ligands. InΒ-position unsubstituted nickelacyclic complexes from type (bipy)Ni(CH2CH2CH2COO) decompose by a reductive elimination and separating of CO2 forming a ‘(bipy)Ni’-intermediate. A single reductive decoupling is hindered by blocking up theΒ-position. Opposite to the high thermal stability of the trimesityl aluminium the intermediates Almes2Cl and AlmesCl2 show with decreasing amounts of mesityl groups and increasing content of halogene, respectively, a significant decreasing thermal stability. The thermal degradation of nickelchelates of alkylsubstituted chinolin-8-ol starts with the dehydration followed by a different separation of the ligands as a function of the chain-length and the position of the substituents of the ligands.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 569-586 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: crystal structure ; metal(II) picolinate and quinaldinate ; thermal degradation of imidazole and pyrazole complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Complexes of the type M(Pa)2(HAz)2 and M(QA)2(HAz)2 (M=cobalt(II) and nickel(II); HPa=picolinic acid, HQa=quinaldic acid; HAz=azoles like imidazole (Him), pyrazole (HPz), benzimidazole (HBzIm) etc.) show a similar thermal behaviour. In the first step of decomposition the corresponding azolinium picolinates or quinaldinates (H2AzPa, H2AzQa) are split off with formation of polymeric mixed ligand complexes M(Pa)(Az) or M(Qa)(Az). X-ray analysis of Co(Qa)2(HBzIm)2 XIIIa illustrates a proton transfer and a subsequent thermal removal of benzimidazolinium quinaldinate (H2BzImQa): Hydrogen bridges from pyrrole nitrogen of the benzimidazole to the non-coordinated oxygen of the quinaldinate predetermine the thermal initiated proton transfer. The high volatility of the heterocyclic acids and the nitrogen coordination are responsible for the formation of the mixed ligand complex Co(Qa)(BzIm) XIVa. Exceptions are the complexes M(Pa)2(HPz)2 XIa-b and M(Qa)2(HIm)2 XVIIa-b. Pyrazole is eliminated from the complexes XIa-b with formation of the solvent-free inner complex M(Pa)2 XIIa-b. From compounds XVIIIa-b quinaldic acid or their decomposition products are split off and a high temperature modification of M(Im)2 XVIIIa-b is formed at elevated temperature. XVIIIa-b are decomposed to the cyanides M(CN)2 similarly to the thermal behaviour of Cu(Im). In the first step the thermal degradation of imidazole and pyrazole adducts of copper(II) picolinates and quinaldinates is characterized by the elimination of azoles. The reason for this thermal behaviour is the weaker coordination of the azole heterocycles in copper chelate compounds.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: 1,3-Diketonate imidazole complexes of cobalt, nickel, copper ; Thermochemistry ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: NH-acidic Behaviour of Imidazole in the Course of the Thermal Degradation of its Bis(adducts) with Transition Metal 1,3-DiketonatesThe behaviour of complexes of the type M(O—O)2(HIm)2 (O—O = 1,3-diketonate, HIm = imidazole, M = Co, Ni, Cu) in the course of the thermal degradation is different. In the case of M(acac)2(HIm)2 in the first step acetylacetone is split off. By proton transfer from imidazole to the acetylacetonato ligands the bis(imidazolates) M(Im)2 are formed, which, at higher temperatures eliminate both imidazolyl residues, probably as 1H, 1H′-(2,2′)-bisimidazolyl.The thermal degradation of M(bzac)2(HIm)2 or M(dbm)2(HIm)2 (Hbzac = benzoylacetone, Hdbm dibenzoylmethane) starts with the partial elimination of imidazole. The intermediates M(bzac)(Im) or M(dbm)(Im) are obtained, and the final product of thermal degradation is the metal oxide.The main reasons for the different thermal behaviour of the complexes M(O—O)2(HIm)2 are differences in the volatility of the 1,3-diketones and probably in the molecular structures.
    Notes: Komplexe des Typs M(O—O)2(HIm)2 (O—O = 1,3-Diketonat; HIm = Imidazol; M = Co, Ni, Cu) zeigen beim thermischen Abbau ein differenziertes Verhalten. Im Falle von M(acac)2(HIm)2 wird in den ersten Stufen Acetylaceton abgespalten. Unter Protonenübertragung von Imidazol auf die Acetylacetonat-Liganden entstehen Bis-Imidazolate M(Im)2, die bei höherer Temperatur die Imidazolylreste wahrscheinlich als 1H, ′H-(2,2′)-Bisimidazolyl eliminieren.Der thermische Abbau von M(bzac)2(HIm)2 bzw. M(dbm)2(HIm)2 (Hbzac = Benzoylaceton, Hdbm = Dibenzoylmethan) beginnt mit der partiellen Abspaltung von Imidazol. Es wird ein Zwischenprodukt der Zusammensetzung M(bzac)(Im) bzw. M(dbm)(Im) erhalten. Anorganisches Endprodukt des Abbaus ist das Metalloxid.Wesentliche Gründe für das differenzierte Verhalten der Komplexe des Typs M(O—O)(HIm)2 beim thermischen Abbau werden in der unterschiedlichen Flüchtigkeit der 1,3-Diketone und in Strukturunterschieden gesehen.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Cobalt (nickel) complexes ; bis(2-pyridinamine) adducts of MII bis(acetylacetonate) ; carbonate ; acetylacetonate hydrogencarbonate ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 2-Pyridinamine Adducts of Transition Metal Bis(acetylacetonates) and their Reactions. Hydrogencarbonate as a Chelating Ligand in cis-(Ampy)2Co(acac)(HCO3)The reaction of cobalt(II) salts, acetylacetone (acacH), 2-pyridinamine (Ampy), and the carbon dioxide of the air in methanol affords a mixture of (Ampy)2Co(acac)2(II) and (Ampy)2Co(CO3)(H2O)2. On heating in toluene, appropriately in the presence of carbon dioxide, these complexes are converted into cis-(Ampy)2Co(acac)(HCO3) (III). Characteristic of compound III is a four-membered ring with the hydrogencarbonate as a bidentate ligand. The two Co—O distances are distinctly different (215.9 and 224.4 pm).In the complexes II and III 2-pyridinamine is a bidentate ligand coordinating by the endo-nitrogen. The Co-n-N bond lengths vary between 210.9 and 225.3 pm. Reasons are both the different trans-influence of the hydrogencarbonate or the acetylacetonato donor atoms and the π-interaction between cobalt(II) and the pyridine ring. This interaction is more significant in the cis-complex III. II and III are stabilized by a system of N—H … O- and O—H …O-bridges.With nickel(II) complexes analogous to II and III were obtained, while only the type II was characterized for manganese(II).
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von Cobalt(II)-Salzen mit Acetylaceton (acacH), 2-Pyridinamin (Ampy) und dem Kohlendioxid der Luft in Methanol gibt ein Gemisch von trans-(ampy)2Co(acac)2(II) und (Ampy)2Co(CO3)(H2O)2. Beim Erhitzen in Toluen, zweckmäßigerweise unter Durchleiten von Kohlendioxid, setzen sich diese Komplexe zu cis-(Ampy)2Co(acac)(HCO3)(III) um.Für III ist ein viergliedriger Chelatring mit dem Hydrogencarbonat als zweizähligem Liganden charakteristisch, die beiden Co—O-Abstände sind deutlich verschieden (215,9 und 224,4 pm).In II und III ist Ampy einzählig und koordiniert über den endo-Stickstoff. Die Co—N-Abstände variieren von 210,9 bis 225,3 pm. Differenzierende Faktoren sind der unterschiedliche Transeinfluß von Hydrogencarbonat-bzw. Acetylacetonathaftatomen, aber auch die π-Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Zentralatom und dem Pyridinring, die beim cis-Komplex III stärker als beim trans-Komplex II ausgeprägt ist. Die Verbindungen II und III werden durch ein System von N—H … O-und O—H … O-Brücken stabilisiert.Im Falle des Nickels wurden die zu II und III analogen Komplexe erhalten, bei Mangan(II) konnte dagegen nur der Typ II realisiert werden.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Nickel complex, Ni(BPSH)2 · H2O ; bis(benzoylpyridin-p-toluensulfonylhydrazido)nickel ; heterocyclic sulfonamido chelates ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Bis(benzoylpyridin-toluensulfonylhydrazido)nickel Ni(BPSH)2 · H2O  -  Relations between Structure, Redox, and Extraction Properties of Heterocyclic Sulfonamido ChelatesThe crystal structure of Ni(BPSH)2 · H2O was determined by x-ray diffraction: monoclinic, space group P21/c (Nr. 14); a = 15.077(4) Å, b = 14.901(3) Å, c = 16.335(3) Å, β = 95.74(1)°. R = 0.047 for a total of 5564 observed reflexions. Ni(BPSH)2 · H2O has a distorted tetrahedral structure with two six-membered chelate rings, one of them with a boat from. The electron system of the building blocks CNN⊖ within the chelate rings approaches that of a diazallyl group. The result is a high electron density on the sp2-hybridized donor atom N⊖ and, as a consequence, a short Ni—N⊖-distance (1.908 or 1.924 Å). The electronic properties of N⊖ also explain the high NH-acidity of the acid H(BPSH) (pks = 9,51 in 75 per cent dioxane) and the ligand field strength of BPSH⊖ which is low compared to that of other bidentate sulfonamido ligands and which is reflected in the paramagnetism of Ni(BPSH)2 · H2O.The redox behavior of metal chelates of the type, which is represented by Ni(BPSH)2 · H2O, is caused by a building block of the ligand which is also present in bipyridyl or in the 1,4-diaza-1,3-dienes. The central atoms M11 have only the function of interference factors.
    Notes: Die Kristallstruktur von Ni(BPSH)2 · H2O wurde durch Röntgenbeugung bestimmt: monoklin, Raumgruppe P21/c (Nr. 14), a = 15,077(4) Å, b = 14,901(3) Å, c = 16,335(3) Å, β = 95,74(1) ° R = 0,047 für 5564 beobachtete Reflexe. Ni(BPSH)2 ° H2O besitzt eine verzerrt tetraedrische Struktur mit zwei Chelatsechsringen, von denen einer in der Wannenform vorliegt. Die Baugruppen CNN⊖ innerhalb der Ringe weisen ein Elektronensystem auf, das sich an das einer Diazallylfunktion annähert. Die Folge davon ist eine hohe Elektronendichte auf dem sp2-hybridisierten Stickstoffhaftatom N⊖ und ein kurzer Ni—N⊖-Abstand (1,908 bzw. 1,924 Å). Die elektronischen Eigenschaften von N⊖ erklären weiterhin die hohe NH-Acidität der Säure H(BPSH) pks = 9,51 in 75% (Dioxan) und die verglichen mit anderen Sulfonamidochelatliganden geringe Ligandenfeldstärke von BPSH⊖, die sich im Paramagnetismus von Ni(BPSH)2 · H2O äußert.Das Redoxverhalten der Metallchelate des durch Ni(BPSH)2 · H2O repräsentierten Typs wird durch ein Bauelement des Liganden bestimmt, das sich im α, α′-Dipyridyl und in den 1,4-Diaza-1,3-dienen wiederfindet. Metallionen M2+ wirken über das Diazalylsystem lediglich als Störfaktoren.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 614 (1992), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Transition metal halides acetylacetonate complexes ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Addition of Transition Metal Dihalides to Acetylacetonates of Divalent Metal IonsTransition metal dihalides aMIIX2 (FeCl2, CoCl2 NiBr2 etc.) are added by the chelates MII(acac)2 under formation of binuclear complexes (THF)2MII(acac)2(aMIIX2). The octahedral and the tetrahedral centre of these compounds are connected by tridentate oxygen atoms of the two acetylacetonato ligands which are simultaneously included in four-membered rings (MIIO2aMII). The addition is combined with a deformation of the octahedral centre, as a prerequisite of a closest package of the atoms within the MIIO2aMII-ring.In the trinuclear complex (THF)2Ni(acac)2(HgCl2)2 III the interaction between the three coordination centres is weak. No structural change of the octahedral centre (THF)2Ni(acac)2 is found, but the HgCl2-groups diverge slightly from linearity (Cl—Hg—Cl 171.1°).No binuclear complexes with a central ion of the oxidation state III in the octahedral centre were obtained. One reason is the lowered donor strength of the bidentate Lewis base function of the octahedral centre [(THF)2Mn+(acac)2]n-2 with M+3 as a centralatom. Reacting systems with di- and trivalent ions prefer ionic complexes, as it is shown by the formation of [(THF)2V(acac)2][(THF)CoCl3] IV from VCl3 and Co(acac)2.The crystal structures of (THF)2Co(acac)2CoCl2II and [(THF)2V(acac)2][(THF)CoCl3] IV were determined by x-ray diffraction. II: orthorhombic-primitive; space group P212121, Z = 4; a = 967.4(2), b = 1453.4(3), c = 1715.9(4) pm; R = 0.049 for 3084 observed reflections. IV: triclinic; space group P1, Nr. 2; Z = 2; a = 871,5(2), b = 930,6(3), c = 1865,6(6) pm; α = 101,70(2), b̃ = 92,45(2), γ = 91,06(2)°; R = 0,060 für 4221 observed reflections.
    Notes: Bis(acetylacetonate) von Magnesium(II), Cobalt(II) oder Nickel(II) addieren Dihalogenide wie FeCl2, CoCl2 oder NiBr2 (aMIIX2) unter Bildung binuklearer Komplexe (THF)2MII(acac)2(aMIIX2), in denen ein oktaedrisches und ein tetraedrisches Zentrum über zwei dreibindige Sauerstoffatome der Acetylacetonatliganden miteinander verknüpft sind (Bildung eines viergliedrigen MIIO2aMII-Ringes). Die Addition ist mit einer Deformation des oktaedrischen Zentrums verbunden, die eine dichte Packung der vier Atome des MIIO2aMII-Ringes ermöglicht.Im trinuklearen Komplex (THF)2Ni(acac)2(HgCl2)2 III bleibt die Wechselwirkung zwischen den drei Koordinationszentren gering. Das oktaedrische Zentrum (THF)2Ni(acac)2 wird strukturell nicht verändert, allerdings weichen die beiden HgCl2-Bausteine (Valenzwinkel 171,1°) von der Linearität ab.Es gelang nicht, binukleare Komplexe mit einem Zentralatom der Oxidationsstufe III im oktaedrischen Zentrum darzustellen. Ein Grund dafür ist die verringerte Donorstärke der zweizähligen Lewisbasen-Funktion im oktaedrischen Zentrum [(THF)Mn+(acac)2]n-2 für M+3 als Zentralion. Reaktive Systeme mit zwei- und dreiwertigen Kationen weichen auf die Seite von ionischen Komplexen aus, wie die Bildung von [(THF)2V(acac)2][(THF)CoCl3] IV aus VCl3 und Co(acac)2 zeigt.Die Kristallstrukturen von (THF)2Co(acac)2CoCl2 II und [(THF)2V(acac)2][(THF)CoCl3] IV wurden durch Röntgenbeugung bestimmt.II: orthorhombisch primitiv, Raumgruppe P212121, Z = 4; a = 967,4(2), b = 1453,4(3), c = 1715,9(4) pm; R = 0,049 für 3084 beobachtete Reflexe.IV: triklin, Raumgruppe P1, Nr.2; Z = 2; a = 871,5(2), b = 930,6(3), c = 1865,6(6) pm; α = 101,70(2), b̃ = 92,45(2), γ = 91,06(2)°; R = 0,060 für 4221 beobachtete Reflexe.
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