ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- History of CROs: Including CRO Snapshots and a CRO Genealogy Chart -- The Pharmaceutical Development Process & Testing Requirements -- The Medical Device Development Process & Testing Requirements -- Functions and Types of CROs -- Labs in China and India -- Selection of CROs -- Study Directors and PIs -- Nuts and Bolts of Study Performance SCG/CBS -- Electronic Reporting Requirements (SEND & eCTD) -- Study and Project Monitoring -- Contracting, Pricing, and Cost of Works Performed by CROs -- Consultants and their Role -- Building Relationships: Maximizing your return on Expectations with a CRO -- Common Problems and their Solutions -- Appendices: A Toxicology Labs B Medical Device Labs C Phase I Labs D Analytical Labs E GMP Contract Facilities F Formulation G Dosage Forms H Clinical Testing I Regulatory Services J Forms and Checklists -- K Specialized Services -- L Consultants Known to be In-Practice -- Index. .

Description / Table of Contents: PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- SECTION I – IN THE BEGINNING -- CHAPTER 1. WADING IN ̶ INTRODUCTION TO THE FISH-BIRD -- General Discussion of Penguins and Substance of the Book -- An Impressive Number of Penguin Species: Evolution of Their Unique Capabilities -- Penguin Species Radiation and the Ontogeny of Their Watery World -- Penguin Evolution: Body Size and Climate -- Penguin Evolution: Radiation into Vacant Niches -- Penguin Evolution: Body Size and Crossing the Sea-Land Boundary -- CHAPTER 2. LAND AHOY! A TIRESOME BUSINESS -- Crossing the Land-Ocean Interface is Affected by Body Size -- Why and How Often do Penguins Come Ashore? -- Tying Land-life to the At-sea Life of Fish-Birds: Foraging and Breeding -- Success Vary with Prey Availability -- Molt ̶Necessary, Brief Respite from the Sea -- SECTION II – PENGUIN MARINE HAUNTS AND FOOD HABITS -- CHAPTER 3.FISH-BIRDS AT HOME IN THEIR OCEAN HABITATS -- Oceanographic Fronts and Water Masses Important to Penguins: General Discussion -- Penguins Require High Productivity Water Masses -- Large Scale: Oceanographic Boundaries and At-sea Distributions of Penguins -- Southern Boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current -- Emperor and King penguins -- Adélie and Chinstrap penguins -- Antarctic Polar Front and Subantarctic Front -- Gentoo and Yellow-eyed penguins -- Macaroni and Royal penguins -- Northern and Southern Rockhopper, Fiordland, Snares penguins -- Subtropical Front and Continental Boundary Currents -- Galápagos, Humboldt, Magellanic, African penguins -- Little penguins -- Meso- and Small-Scale Ocean Processes Facilitating Penguin Exploits -- Island wakes -- Headland wakes -- Shelves and banks -- Submarine canyons -- Shelfbreak fronts -- Marginal ice zones -- Thermo-/haloclines -- CHAPTER 4. SEA FOOD ̶ THE FISH-BIRD MENU -- General Considerations -- Diet Quality: Survival in Cold Water -- Energy density of prey -- Prey size may or may not differ by penguin size -- Prey availability -- Diet Comparison among Penguin Species -- Polar/subpolar, mesopelagic penguins -- Subpolar, demersal/benthic, continental-shelf penguins -- Temperate, upper water column, continental-insular shelf penguins -- Polar, upper water column, continental shelf/slope penguins -- Subpolar, upper water column, continental slope/pelagic penguins -- Polar, upper water column, continental slope/pelagic penguins -- CHAPTER 5. ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF DIET COMPOSITION -- Intraspecific Competition among Penguins -- Foraging Range is Key: General Discussion -- Penguin Species’ Central-Place Foraging Range Patterns -- Sex Differences in Foraging -- Interspecific Competition Involving Penguins -- Penguins Eat A lot! -- Competition between Penguin Species -- Competition between penguins and other seabirds -- Competition between penguins and marine mammals -- Competition between penguins and industrial fisheries -- SECTION III – THE HARDWARE OF A FISH-BIRD -- CHAPTER 6. THE SLIPPERY SHAPE, HOT AIR AND THE POWERHOUSE – HOW FISH-BIRDS SWIM -- Water – Hard Taskmaster -- The Four Forces Relevant to Penguins -- Vertical Forces – Weight and Upthrust -- Buoyancy: How Much Air Do Penguins Hold? -- Buoyancy and Bergmann’s Rule revisited -- Horizontal Forces: Drag -- The Interplay of Drag and Upthrust in Gliding Penguins -- The Drag Devil is in the Detail -- The Penguin Powerhouse -- How Penguins Swim -- The Effect of Upthrust and Body Angle on Penguin Thrust and Lift Forces -- Top Speeds; Power and Upthrust -- The Energy Costs of Swimming -- General considerations -- Specific considerations -- ’Sensible’ Swim Strategies and Costs of Transport -- Cruising speed and integrating speed with the cost of transport, -- and beyond -- CHAPTER 7. HOT PENGUINS ̶ COLD WATER -- Resting and Floating Penguins -- The Metabolic Rate of Floating Penguins -- Patterns of Heat Loss to the Sea -- Overall Body Insulation/Conductance -- The Nature of Penguin Insulation -- Active Penguins -- Activity Produces Heat -- Greater Depths Impose a Higher Heat Tax -- Consuming Prey Imposes a Heat Tax -- Embracing The Fish in the Fish-bird -- CHAPTER 8. FISH-BIRDS – THE INSIDE STORY -- Diving Physiology -- Surface issues – Uptake of oxygen -- Oxygen Management Underwater -- Role of the Air Spaces -- Gas Exchange to Body Tissues -- The Aerobic Dive Limit and Beyond -- The Importance of Size in Dive Performance -- Duration -- Depth -- Penguins Under Pressure – Beating the Squeeze and the Bends -- Barotrauma -- Beating the Bends -- A Gut Reaction in Fish-Birds -- Gastric Emptying -- Rotting Food -- The Eyes Have It -- SECTION IV – THE SOFTWARE OF FISH-BIRDS -- CHAPTER 9. EMBRACING THE DEPTHS - THE PENGUIN DIVE -- Submergence -- The time underwater – basic dive descriptors -- Dive profiles -- Dive distance-depth profiles -- Dive aspect ratios -- Horizontal dive directionality/tortuosity -- The Multifunctionality of Dives -- Basic dive types -- T-dives for travelling -- V-dives (water column assessment) -- P-dives (parabolic – prospecting with no prey capture) -- Po-dives (parabolic dives with circular trajectory) -- U-dives (depth-directed prospecting) -- W-dives/Up-dives (U-dives with prey pursuit) -- Depth Duration Effects Over Multiple Dives -- CHAPTER 10. FISH-BIRD STRATEGIES ̶ THE SEARCH FOR FICKLE PREY -- Decisions, Decisions, Decisions – How Fish-Birds Search for Prey -- Heading in the Right Direction -- Dealing with Prey Patchiness -- In-depth Considerations: -- Time-based efficiency -- Energy-based efficiency -- Superficial Considerations: Surface Pauses and Inspired Tactics -- Being Picky about Food -- Fish-Birds and Smart Strategies -- CHAPTER 11. THE FINAL SECONDS – HOW FISH-BIRDS CAPTURE PREY -- Prey Acquisition, a Departure from the Dive ‘Norm’ -- Performance Metrics for Prey Capture -- Catching Solitary Prey -- Changing buoyancy with depth affects prey capture strategies -- Prey pursuit against interfaces -- Exploiting Aggregated Prey -- Crustaceans -- Fish -- Non-corralling feeding behavior -- Clarity on Limitations of Penguin Vision -- SECTION V – PENGUINS IN A FICKLE ENVIRONMENT -- CHAPTER 12. TURNING THE TABLES – FISH-BIRDS ON THE MENU -- Basic Law of the Sea: Big Fish Eat Little Fish -- Seals as Predators -- Seals’ hunting behavior -- Penguins avoiding seals -- Fur Seals as Predators -- Sea Lions as Predators -- Killer Whales as Predators -- Sharks as Predators -- CHAPTER 13. PENGUINS ADJUSTING TO A CHANGING OCEAN -- Penguins Have Always Been Challenged by a Changing Ocean -- Prehistoric response to a changing ocean -- Possible prehistoric changes to penguins’ food web -- The Anthropocene: How will Penguins Cope, Now Also Dealing with Humans? -- Response to long-term climate change -- Response to short-term ocean climate variation -- Response to marine pollution -- CHAPTER 14. NOT FORGETTING ̶ -- The Social Side - Behavior and Communication at Sea -- Penguin flock fusion/cohesion -- Penguin flock fission/fragmentation -- Navigation -- Long range -- Medium to short-range -- Understanding the Daily ‘Wash’ -- Air flux in diving penguins, an aspect of ‘washing’ -- Are Auks Really ‘Northern Penguins’? -- Research Tags – the Flip Side for Evolutionarily-Honed Fish-Birds -- SECTION VI -- CHAPTER 15. PENGUINS ̶ WHY THE HYPE? -- Sources of Hype -- Us -- Many people -- Researchers -- The Transition -- The fascination of species -- Beyond the transition -- Role in Ecosystems -- Biomimicry -- Our Last Word.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Towards a new paradigm -- 2. Complexity in ecology -- 3. Complexity in landscapes -- 4. Lessons from complexity theory -- 5. Individuals in landscapes -- 6. Populations and interactions -- 7. Communities -- 8. Genetics and adaptation in landscapes -- 9. Virtual worlds -- 10. Ecological informatics -- 11. The Global Picture.

Description / Table of Contents: Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Exponential Growth and Decay -- 2.1 Exponential Growth -- 2.2 Exponential Decay -- 2.3 Summary -- 2.4 Exercises -- 2.5 References- 3 Discrete Time Models -- 3.1 Solutions of the discrete logistic -- 3.2 Enhancements to the Discrete Logistic Function -- 3.3 Summary -- 3.4 Exercises -- 3.5 References- 4 Fixed Points, Stability, and Cobwebbing -- 4.1 Fixed Points and Cobwebbing -- 4.2 Linear Stability Analysis -- 4.3 Summary -- 4.4 Exercises -- 4.5 References- 5 Population Genetics Models -- 5.1 Two Phenotypes Case -- 5.2 Three Phenotypes Case -- 5.3 Summary -- 5.4 Exercises -- 5.5 References- 6 Chaotic Systems -- 6.1 Robert May’s Model -- 6.2 Solving the Model -- 6.3 Model Fixed Points -- 6.4 Summary -- 6.5 Exercises -- 6.6 References- 7 Continuous Time Models -- 7.1 The Continuous Logistic Equation -- 7.2 Equilibrium States and their Stability -- 7.3 Continuous Logistic Equation with Harvesting -- 7.4 Summary -- 7.5 Exercises -- 7.6 References- -- 8 Organism-Organism Interaction Models -- 8.1 Interaction Models Introduction -- 8.2 Competition -- 8.3 Predator-Prey -- 8.4 Mutualism -- 8.5 Summary -- 8.6 Exercises -- 8.7 References- 9 Host-Parasitoid Models -- 9.1 Beddington Model -- 9.2 Some Solutions of the Beddington Model -- 9.3 MATLAB Solution for the Host-Parasitoid Model -- 9.4 Python Solution for the Host-Parasitoid Model -- 9.5 Summary -- 9.6 Exercises -- 9.7 References- 10 Competition Models with Logistic Term -- 10.1Addition of Logistic Term to Competition Models -- 10.2 Predator-Prey-Prey Three Species Model -- 10.3Predator-Prey-Prey Model Solutions -- 10.4 Summary -- 10.5Exercises -- 10.6References- 11 Infectious Disease Models -- 11.1 Basic Compartment Modeling Approaches -- 11.2SI Model -- 11.3SI model with Growth in S -- 11.4 Applications using Mathematica -- 11.5 Applications using MATLAB -- 11.6 Summary -- 11.7 Exercises -- 11.8 References- 12 Organism Environment Interactions -- 12.1 Introduction to Energy Budgets -- 12.2 Radiation -- 12.3 Convection -- 12.4 Transpiration -- 12.5 Total Energy Budget -- 12.6 Solving the Budget: Newton’s Method for Root Finding -- 12.7 Experimenting with the Leaf Energy Budget -- 12.8 Summary -- 12.9 Exercises -- 12.10 References- 13 Appendix 1: Brief Review of Differential Equations in Calculus- 14 Appendix 2: Numerical Solutions of ODEs- 15 Appendix 3: Tutorial on Mathematica- 16 Appendix 4: Tutorial on MATLAB- 17 Appendix 5: Tutorial on Python Programming- Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Hard truths on global warming: a roadmap to reading this book ; Part I. Setting the Scene: 1. Introduction and overview ; 2. Why global warming is such a difficult problem to solve ; Part II. The Three Dimensions to Climate Policy Strategy: 3. Regulating emissions part 1: the enthusiastic countries ; 4. Regulating emissions part 2: engaging reluctant developing countries ; 5. Promoting technological innovation ; 6. Preparing for a changing climate: adaptation, geoengineering and triage ; Part III. Putting It All Together: 7. Explaining diplomatic gridlock: what went wrong? ; 8. A new strategy ; 9. Climate change and world order: implications for the UN, government, industry and nature

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Climate and Culture Change: Exploring Holocene Transitions Mid-Holocene climate and culture change in coastal Peru. Mid-Holocene climate and culture change in the South Central Andes. Mid-Holocene Climate and cultural dynamics in Brazil and the Guianas. Culture and Climate in Mesoamerica during the middle holocene. Middle holocene environments of North and East Africa, with special emphasis on the African Sahara. Influence of holocene marine transgression and climate change on cultural evolution in Southern Mesopotamia. Mid-Holocene cultural dynamics and climate change in the Western Pacific. Mid Holocene climate and cultural dynamics in Easter Central Asia. Mid-Holocene Climate change and cultural dynamics in the basin of the Sea of Japan and Adjacent Areas Mid-Holocene Climatic and Cultural dynamics in Northern Europe. Mid-Holocene Cultural adaptations to central Maine. Mid-Holocen Cultural dynamics in Southeastern North America Mid-Holocene culture and climate on the Northwest coast of North America. Middle holocene climate change and population dispersal in Western North America.

Description / Table of Contents: The superposition of stratified rocks is an unmistakable manifestation of the history of sedimentary processes through deep time. However, the relationship between the preserved strata of the rock record and the passage of geological time, indisputable in principle, is unknowable in detail; incompleteness is an essential property of the record. That gaps exist at all scales in sedimentary successions is easily demonstrated from consideration of sediment accumulation rates, and expectations of continuity and completeness at any scale are correspondingly inadvisable. Locating and quantifying the gaps in the record is, however, very much less straightforward. Predictive modelling of strata - essential for their practical exploitation - requires such geohistorical understanding, yet over-simplified assumptions about how time is represented in rock can still lead to inadequate or even false conclusions. The contributions to this volume describe a range of practical studies, theoretical investigations, and numerical experiments in which the nature of the strata-time relationship is explored. Content: Strata and time: probing the gaps in our understanding -- Updating uniformitarianism: stratigraphy as just a set of 'frozen accidents' -- GSSPs, global stratigraphy and correlation -- Scaling laws for aggradation, denudation and progradation rates: the case for time-scale invariance at sediment sources and sinks -- The power-law attributes of stratigraphic layering and their possible significance -- The importance of doing nothing: stasis in sedimentation systems and its stratigraphic effects -- Investigating the occurrence of hierarchies of cyclicity in platform carbonates -- Cyclostratigraphy: data filtering as a source of spurious spectral peaks -- Stratigraphic continuity and fragmentary sedimentation: the success of cyclostratigraphy as part of integrated stratigraphy -- Synthesis of time-stratigraphic relationships and their impact on hydrocarbon reservoir distribution and performance, Bridport Sand Formation, Wessex Basin, UK -- 4D Wheeler diagrams: concept and applications -- Using the voids to fill tthe gaps: caves, time, and stratigraphy -- More gaps than shale: erosion of mud and its effect on preserved geochemical and palaeobiological signals -- More gap than record? Qualitative and quantitative assessment of stratigraphic gaps in a field based study, with examples from the Lower Silurian Pentamerus Beds of Shropshire, England and the Lower Ordovician Ribband Gp of County Wexford, Ireland -- British Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) coal-bearing sequences: where is the time? -- Use of carbon accumulation rates to estimate the duration of coal seams and the influence of atmospheric dust deposition on coal composition.