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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 19 (1984), S. 227-236 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Low grade submarine exhalative gold mineralization occurs at the London-Virginia deposit in central Virginia Piedmont. The deposit consists of a series of localized but conformable units — basal garnetiferous-chlorite schist, magnetite schist, quartz-muscovite schist, ferruginous quartzite, and chlorite-biotite schist — which represent a mixture of submarine epiclastic volcanic debris and exhalative chemical sediments. Finely disseminated gold occurs dispersed with minor amounts of pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, and tennantite in the ferruginous quartzite and quartz-muscovite schist. The deposit is believed to have formed by processes analogous to those currently active in the Atlantis II Deep of the Red Sea. Silicarich, hypersaline brines discharged through fractures in the sea floor and ponded in a local basin. Epiosodic influx of clastic debris and extensive deposition of hydrothermal silica diluted the concentration of sulfides and gold to produce a low-grade, siliceous mineralized zone. Emanation from the exhalative vent was terminated when the basin was capped by a lava flow. Subsequent regional greenschist grade metamorphism has recrystallized the silica into a granular quartzite and produced minor remobilization of the gold and sulfides.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 34 (1998), S. 82-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Pyrite may crystallize initially in forms as diverse as framboids or cubes depending upon the temperatures and pressures. Fluid-rich diagenesis or low-grade metamorphism clearly results in thorough recrystallization and the common formation of cubes. Once these have formed, the pyrite becomes much more refractory and retains many characteristics even in deposits which have undergone penetrative deformation. This is in strong contrast to the behavior of most of the accompanying sulfides, which often undergo ductile deformation, solid state or chemical remobilization, and annealing. Pyrite deforms sparingly until there is brittle failure; however, there may be significant pyrite corrosion and regrowth during metamorphism as the result of sulfur exchange with other minerals, especially pyrrhotite. Pyrite fabrics may also be significantly modified by pressure solution or Coble creep. Optical microscopic examination and electron microprobe chemical mapping of pyrites from a variety of mineral deposits, including several high-grade metamorphic ones, reveals that the pyrites frequently contain both physical and chemical textures that may be interpreted in terms of the depositional and the post-depositional history of the deposits. Inclusions of sulfides or other minerals reveal information on the timing of the crystallization or recrystallization of the pyrite; chemical mapping of elements such as Ni, Co, and As reveals information on the relative time of transport of these elements in the ore fluids.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Studies of the compositions of coexisting sulphide assemblages from certain Zambian Copperbelt deposits and of their textural relations and host rock environments have been undertaken by routine microscopy and using electron microprobe analysis. Special attention has been paid to sulphide assemblages containing cobalt. Using experimental data on the systems Cu-Co-S, Cu-Fe-Co-S and on sulphidation equilibria, together with the available information on equilibria involving gangue minerals and some new calculations, an attempt has been made to define the chemical conditions of ore formation and/or re-equilibration in several deposits (Baluba, Chibuluma West and Chibuluma, Chambeshi S.E.). If a re-equilibration temperature of 300°C is assumed the range of aS2 prevailing during final formation of the assemblages was of the order 10−7 – 10−9 atm, more rarely dropping to 10−11 – 10−12 atm. If magnetite is present, and this is considered very unlikely in most cases, aO2 may have reached as high as 10−35 atm but it is generally likely to have been around 10−50 atm or even lower. Values of aCO2 are assumed to have been of the order of 10−0.5 atm. Detailed studies of drill hole samples from the Chambeshi S.E. deposit suggest an important link between the petrology of the host rocks and the sulphide mineral chemistry. In particular, the control exerted on sulphide composition by aS2 may have been related to the availability of sulphate in the form of diagenetic anhydrite or in sulphate-rich interstitial waters. The distinctive distribution of cobalt in the ores appears related to the distribution of amphibolite bodies and in turn to rift fault systems in the Basement which allowed upward movement of fluids enriched in magmatically derived cobalt.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 8 (1973), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Phasengleichgewichtsredaktionen des Dreistoffsystems Cu-Zn-S wurden über einen weiten Temperaturbereich, nämlich von 100 °C bis zu 1050 °C und dabei besonders nachdrücklich die 500 ° und 800 °C-Isothermen, untersucht. Alle Experimente wurden in abgeschmolzenen und vorher evakuierten Quarzglasampullen durchgeführt, in welchen eine Dampfphase (vapor) stets gegenwärtig war. In keinem der Experimente war das Vorhandensein einer ternären Phase zu verzeichnen. Bei 800 °C verlaufen Konodenscharen vom kubischen ZnS (Zinkblende) zur Digenit-Kupferglanz-Mischkristallreihe, ferner Konoden zwischen ZnS und drei Cu-Zu-Legierungen (α, β, γ) und zwischen ZnS und einer Zn-Cu-Schmelze von 0 bis ca. 30 Gew.-% Cu. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit trat nur kubisches ZnS (Zinkblende) auf. Cu2S vermag bei 800 °C 7,0±1 Gew.-% ZnS in fester Lösung aufzunehmen, während die Löslichkeit von Cu2S in ZnS weniger als 1,0 Gew.-% beträgt. Mit zunehmender Temperaturerniedrigung koexistiert ZnS mit allen übrigen Phasen des Systems, sobald diese stabil werden, z. B. ε-CuZn (〈598 °C), CuS (〈507 °C) und blaubleibender Covellin (〈157 °C). Bei 500 °C beträgt die Löslichkeit von ZnS in Cu2S nur noch 1,5±0,5 Gew.-% und die von Cu2S in ZnS weinger als 0,1 Gew.-%. Die Gegenwart von ZnS erniedright die Inversionstemperatur von hexagonalem ⇄ kubischen Cu2S um etwa 13 °C, hat aber weder einen meßbaren Einfluß auf die Inversionstemperatur des monoklinen ⇄ hexagonalen Cu2S noch auf die kubisch ⇄ kubische Inversion des Cu9S5. Angeischts der im Cu-Zn-S-System ermittelten Phasenbeziehungen bei niedrigen Temperaturen werden die Koexistenz natürlicher Zinkblende mit Kupfersulfiden diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The phase relations in the Cu-Zn-S system were studied at temperatures ranging from 100 ° to 1050 °C with emphasis on the 500 ° and 800 °C isotherms. All experiments were performed in closed, evacuated silica tubes in which vapor always is a phase. Ternary phases did not appear in any of these experiments. At 800 °C tie-lines exist between cubic ZnS (sphalerite) and the digenite-chalcoite solid solution, between ZnS and three CuZn alloys (α, β, γ) and between ZnS and ZnCu liquid containing from zero to about 30 wt % Cu. Only the cubic, sphalerite, form of ZnS was encountered in the present study. At 800 °C the solid solution of ZnS in Cu2S is 7.0 ± 1 wt % and the solid solution of Cu2S in ZnS is less than 1.0 wt %. At lower temperatures ZnS coexists with all other phases once they become stable, i.e., ε-CuZn (〈598 °C), CuS (〈507 °C), and blue-remaining covellite (〈157 °C). At 500 °C the solid solution of ZnS in Cu2S is 1.5±0.5 wt % and that of Cu2S in ZnS is less than 0.1 wt %. The presence of ZnS depresses the temperature of the hexagonal ⇄ cubic inversion in Cu2S by about 13 °C, but does not measurably affect the temperature of the monoclinic ⇄ hexagonal inversion in Cu2S nor that of the cubic ⇄ cubic inversion in Cu9S5. The coexistence in nature of sphalerite and copper-sulfides is discussed in light of the low temperature phase relations in the Cu-Zn-S system.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 9 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Standard petrographic, microthermometric and Raman spectroscopic analyses of fluid inclusions from the metamorphosed massive sulphide deposits at Ducktown, Tennessee, indicate that fluids with a wide range of compositions in the C–O–H–N–S–salt system were involved in the syn- to post-metamorphic history of these deposits. Primary fluid inclusions from peak metamorphic clinopyroxene contain low-salinity, H2O–CH4 fluids and calcite, quartz and pyrrhotite daughter crystals. Many of these inclusions exhibit morphologies resembling those produced in laboratory experiments in which confining pressures significantly exceed the internal pressures of the inclusions. Secondary inclusions in metamorphic quartz from veins, pods, and host matrix record a complex uplift history involving a variety of fluids in the C–O–H–N–salt system. Early fluids were generated by local devolatilization reactions while later fluids were derived externally.Isochores calculated for secondary inclusions in addition to the chronology of trapping and morphological features of primary and secondary fluid inclusions suggest an uplift path which was concave toward the temperature axis over the P–T range 6–3 kbar and 550–225° C. Immiscible H2O–CH4–N2–NaCl fluids were trapped under lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure conditions at 3–0.5 kbar and 215 ± 20° C. Entrapment occurred during Alleghanian thrusting, and the fluids may have been derived by tectonically driven expulsion of pore fluids and thermal maturation of organic material in lower-plate sedimentary rocks which are thought to underlie the deposits. Episodic fracturing and concomitant pressure decreases in upper-plate rocks, which host the ore bodies, would have allowed these fluids to move upward and become immiscible. Post-Alleghanian uplift appears to have been temperature-convex.Uplift rates of 0.10–0.05 mm year−1 from middle Ordovician to middle Silurian – late Devonian, and 0.07–0.12 mm year−1 from middle Silurian – late Devonian to late Permian are suggested by our uplift path and available geochronological data.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 35 (1986), S. 77-98 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eisenhaltiger Gahnite (Zn,Fe)Al2O4 ist in den metamorphen vulkanogenen massiven Sulfiderzkörpern Virginias als akzessorisches Mineral weit verbreitet. Er kommt durchwegs in den Pyrit, Zinkblende, Kupferkies und Sulfosalze enthaltenden mineralisierten Zonen vor. Obwohl die meisten Proben nur 1–2 Modal % Gahnit enthalten, und keine klar definierte Verteilung zu erkennen ist, tritt er besonders häufig an den Rändern der mineralisierten Zonen auf und erreicht lokal 35 Modal %. Die Zusammensetzung schwankt leicht von Vorkommen zu Vorkommen, liegt aber stets zwischen 68 und 88 Mol.% Gahnit (ZnAl2O4) 8 und 25 Mol.% Hercynit (FeAl2O4) und 1 und 17 Mol.% Spinell (MgAl2O4) Gahnit ist Bestandteil sehr verschiedener Mineralparagenesen mit und ohne Zinkblende.
    Notes: Summary Ferroan-gahnite, (Zn,Fe)Al2O4, is a common accessory mineral found in association with the metamorphosed volcanogenic massive sulfide ore bodies of the Mineral District, Virginia. Gahnite is present throughout the mineralized zones that contain pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and sulfosalts. Although constituting only 1–2 modal percent of most samples and displaying not well-defined distribution pattern, gahnite is especially abundant at the margins of the mineralized zones and locally constitutes as much as 35 modal percent. The compositions vary slightly from one deposit to another but all lie within the range of 68 to 88 mol.% gahnite (ZnAl2O4), 8 to 25 mol.% hercynite (FeAl2O4), and 1–17 mol.% spinel (MgAl2O4). Gahnite occurs within a wide variety of mineral assemblages, with or without coexisting sphalerite. The reflectance and unit cell dimension are sensitive to composition and decrease with increasing gahnite component. The approximate 8% reflectance at 540 nm is intermediate between most silicates and ore minerals such as sphalerite and magnetite and thus provides a ready method for recognition in reflected light. The gahnite is believed to have formed during amphibolite grade regional metamorphism as a result of either sphalerite desulfidation or the reaction of original zinc oxide phases.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 63 (1999), S. 312-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1968-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1986-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0361-5995
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0661
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2004-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0361-5995
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0661
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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