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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Note on Negative Catalysis (1924)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 28 (1924), S. 145-148 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j150236a004
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manual of Physico-Chemical Symbols and Terminology (1960)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 82 (1960), S. 5517-5522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01506a001
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First experimental observation of the ignition of a "superdense glow'' before the glow-to-arc transition in a pseudospark discharge (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 631-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The presented results are the first experimental indication for the existence of a homogeneous superdense glow in the bore hole of the cathode in a pseudospark discharge. The start of this mechanism is leading to the low-impedance high-current phase and starts before the glow-to-arc transition in the pseudospark discharge. It is assumed that the high-current density is carried mainly by metal ions which originate from a self-sustained self-sputtering mechanism, or by a large number of, on a macroscopic scale, homogeneously distributed Schottky emitters. It is shown that the geometric features of the bore hole cause an enhancement of this effect. These results and the theoretical assumptions can also explain very effectively the current quenching of the pseudospark discharge. Current quenching is only occurring during the superdense glow when no cathode spots are ignited. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360805
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of carbides as electrode material in a pseudospark switch (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 4299-4302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In the following, we report tests of a semiconductor as electrode material in a pseudospark switch, which is a low pressure gas discharge switch. Polycrystalline SiC or BC disks with central apertures were embedded in molybdenum outer electrodes in a typical single stage pseudospark geometry. The maximum voltage applied was 15 kV. Tests were done with peak currents from 50 up to 500 kA at pulse lengths of a few microseconds. We found no difference in the voltage breakdown or the rise in current when compared to conventional metal electrodes such as molybdenum or tungsten. Fast shutter photographs showed that the discharge burns in an intense column at the center and is distributed very homogeneously over the SiC surfaces. Neither cathode nor anode spots were observed. Small sparks occurred at the metal–carbide interface after current zero, which led to a reignition in the second current half-wave. An estimation after the tests showed an erosion rate of about 5 μg/C approximately one order of magnitude lower than in metals. We assume that the current is transported in a thin surface layer. Ion bombardment in the pseudospark discharge heats this layer to more than 2000 K, lowering the specific resistance. The negative temperature–resistance characteristic means that cathode spots are avoided. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.363377
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigations of cathode phenomena in pseudospark discharges (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 5661-5665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The cathode phenomena during the conduction phase of a pseudospark discharge are investigated with different cathode materials: Cu, Mo, Ni, Ta, and W/Re. The discharge gas was hydrogen with a gas pressure of 40 Pa. At a pulse duration of 2.7 μs and a maximum current of 9 kA, i.e., at a transferred charge of 11 mC/discharge, mass erosion rates of the cathode materials showed no significant material dependence after 106 discharges. Fast framing photography (end-on, exposure time: 5 ns) of the light emission from the cathode surface revealed several small spots simultaneously, distributed over a cathode surface of 1 cm2. The distribution of metal and hydrogen spectral lines at the cathode surface and in the gap were compared. Metal lines are localized on the cathode surface, whereas the hydrogen Balmer β-line is diffuse over the electrodes surfaces and the gap. Polished electrodes showed, after a single pulse, about 107 craters with 0.5–5 μm in diameter. This is leading to a local current density of about 108 A/cm2 in a single crater.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357071
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The bottleneck in pseudospark discharges (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 625-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Physical mechanisms during early phases of pseudospark discharges are still under discussion. Experiments at low rates of current rise (dI/dt〈109 A/s) were performed to investigate these phenomena, using filtered fast shutter photography of the discharge plasma in the visible wavelength region. Additionally temporally resolved measurements of line emission of the filling gas (hydrogen and helium) and cathode material (copper) were performed. These experiments revealed a discharge phase where the cathode surface involved in the discharge is restricted mainly to the inside of the cathode aperture. The voltage drop during that phase is about 200–400 V and the current density exceeds 1 kA/cm2. A possible explanation of the discharge mechanisms during that discharge phase is self-sputtering of cathode material from the cathode surface inside the cathode aperture. The described mechanisms might be fundamental for the transition from the transient hollow cathode phase to the high current phase in pseudospark discharges. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362663
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homogeneous cylindrical plasma source for short-wavelength laser experiments (1991)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 58 (1991), S. 2619-2621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A plasma source suitable for repetitive operation, going beyond single shot experiments for research into soft x-ray lasers, is reported. Successful operation of an ultrafast, small-diameter, highly uniform z pinch has been achieved at currents of 35–50 kA, for a variety of gases and a large range of mass densities. Due to an efficient preionization of the working gas, a high-temperature and a high cooling rate of the plasma column are obtained. The plasma is less than 1 mm in radius, over 30 mm long, and over 1018 cm−3 ion density. A soft x-ray recombination laser experiment for the λ≈182 A(ring) Balmer-alpha-like transition in C vi is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.104812
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vitamin A in Mixed Feeds (1949)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 21 (1949), S. 593-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60029a019
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the energy content of the JET tokamak plasma with a diamagnetic loop (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2087-2089 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An accurate and reliable measurement of poloidal β is essential to assess the performances of Joint European Torus (JET). The diamagnetic loop can measure β values as low as 0.1 in JET discharges with a plasma current larger than 2×106 A. The instrumentation used includes a flux loop rigidly fitted on a toroidal field (TF) coil, a large Rogowski coil measuring the TF busbar current, and a displacement gauge measuring the TF coil expansion. The fluxes to be compensated originate, in order of importance, from the TF current, the eddy current in the vessel, the TF coil expansion, and the stray coupling with the poloidal fields. The TF and eddy currents must be particularly well compensated on JET since the plasma current starts before the toroidal field has reached its plateau value. Comparison between the diamagnetic and other evaluations of β shows a good agreement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138747
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acceleration of electrons to 〉0.5 MeV during space–charge neutralization of a 20 keV transient electron beam (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 1424-1426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of high fields produced during space–charge neutralization of an electron beam is demonstrated by production of relativistic electrons (≈0.6 MeV) from a simple, small hollow cathode source operated at 20 kV. Acceleration occurs during a well-characterized, repeatable, glow-type transient plasma phase. The accelerating electron beam is produced within the device, and the total number of (approximately-greater-than)0.5 MeV electrons is estimated to be ≤1010. A model correlating time dependence of the transient plasma with energetic electron production is discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116101
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