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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 113 (2000), S. 10353-10360 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of inert sites (random impurities) in the global oscillations in the oxidation of CO on Pt(100) is studied analytically via a stability analysis of the underlying mean field model. The analysis shows that the introduction of a fraction θd of inert sites can reduce considerably the extent of the oscillatory region on the bifurcation diagram. The study of a mean field model explains some of the basic features that arise upon increasing the density of impurities on the catalytic surface, and it allows the analytical calculation of the bifurcation diagram. The analytical solution of the model reproduces well cellular automata simulations. In particular, we show the existence of a critical concentration of inert sites at which the oscillatory region vanishes and oscillations are no longer possible, due to the inability of the lattice to reach the minimum local concentration of CO required to trigger the surface reconstruction mechanism. We have evaluated this maximum defect concentration in the mean field approximation to be exactly θd*=1−θCO+, where θCO+ is the minimum CO concentration required to trigger the (hex) to (1×1) Pt substrate transition. For the set of parameters chosen, we find here θd*=0.6, which is in perfect agreement with our earlier simulation findings. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (2000), S. 8672-8679 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The simulation of kinetic oscillations and dynamics of CO chemical fronts propagating through a Pt(100) substrate by the use of cellular automaton techniques, is reexamined with an extended interacting neighborhood model, that allows for a temperature dependence of the reaction constants. These new cellular automaton rules account for the structural phase transformations of the Pt substrate, the reaction kinetics of the adsorbed phase, and diffusion of adsorbed species. In addition it provides a richer variety of surface patterns formation. Specifically, we consider the effect of lateral interactions between adsorbed particles, this is taken into account our simulations through the definition of a site-dependent reaction constant, that is dependent of the state of the metal. This is achieved by considering an extended neighborhood of next-nearest-neighbors and beyond. For CO–CO and O–O attractive interactions, the oscillation amplitude increases as the interaction energy increases. It is shown herein that the presence of strong attractive lateral interactions in reacting adsorbate can lead to the spontaneous formation of traveling waves. The diffracting properties of the waves moving in the media with different composition (one part clean and other containing inert sites) are also investigated. It is shown that beyond a critical coverage, waves traveling from a clean part of the crystal to a partially covered surface are adsorbed by the media, destroying their coherence. Finally, it is shown that appropriate initial conditions can also lead to the formation of double stable spirals.© 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 165 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report here the development of an auxotrophic transformation system for the food yeast Candida utilis. To facilitate molecular studies in Candida utilis, we isolated auxotrophic strains for uracil biosynthesis by the combination of NTG-mutagenesis and 5-fluorotic acid (FOA) selection. The ura− mutation could be functionally complemented by the homologous URA3 gene. We used both, LiAc and electroporation methods to direct insertions at the ura3 locus through homologous recombination.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In situ enrichment experiments have shown that the growth of bloom-forming diatoms in the major high-nitrate low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the world's oceans is limited by the availability of iron. Yet even the largest of these manipulative experiments represents only a small fraction ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 398 (1999), S. 697-700 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The availability of iron, an essential nutrient, controls rates of phytoplankton primary productivity in the open-ocean, upwelling ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific. Upwelling injects large amounts of macronutrients into the euphotic zone of eastern boundary currents, such as the California ...
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Over 400 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) died and many others displayed signs of neurological dysfunction along the central California coast during May and June 1998. A bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia australis (diatom) was observed in the Monterey Bay region during the same period. ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 109 (1998), S. 8617-8625 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of inert sites in the global oscillations in the oxidation of CO on Pt(100) for both random and clustered inert sites is simulated by use of the cellular automaton technique. The cellular automaton rules account for the structural phase transformations of the Pt substrate, the reaction kinetics of the adsorbed phase and diffusion of adsorbed species. The introduction of a fraction θd of inert sites reduces the extent of the oscillatory region on the bifurcation diagram. The effect of added impurities on the transition from oscillatory to CO poisoned state is found to be quite different depending on the initial position on the bifurcation diagram. Points located near the rightmost branch on the bifurcation diagram will reach inert state through a very abrupt transition, whereas points located far from it undergo a much softer transition. Clustered impurities tend to soften the transition, and higher values of θd are needed to trigger the transition to the poisoned state. The study of a mean-field model without the oscillatory kinetics explains some of the basic features of the effect of increasing densities of impurities on the catalytic surface, for instance the dependence of the location of the transition point θd on the adsorption rate of CO. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 110 (1999), S. 8119-8128 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dynamics of CO and O chemical fronts propagating through a Pt(100) substrate are simulated using cellular automaton techniques. The cellular automaton accounts for the adsorption of both molecular species CO and O2 on a platinum substrate, as well as the reaction kinetics between these species and the diffusion of CO on the substrate. The influence of inert sites (defects) is also considered. The chemical front is generated in two different situations: In the first one, the sample is initially covered by CO and the front is generated by depositing a layer of O atoms. The system is then subject to more O2 molecules which can adsorb and react with the other CO molecules and the interface moves as the reaction proceeds. It is found that the fluctuation of the interface in a clean sample follows the Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation and, in this case, a microscopic description in terms of a stochastic process is also proposed. In a second situation, the adsorption and diffusion of CO are allowed in addition to the previous reaction mechanisms. In this case, it is found that the growth obeys the scaling relation, w(L,t)∼Lαf(t/Lz), and our numerical results tend to indicate a continuous dependence of the exponents β and α on the diffusion of CO. The reflecting and diffracting properties of the waves moving in the media with different composition (one part clean and the other containing inert sites) are also investigated herein. The results agree well with the experimental work of Asakura et al. [Surf. Sci. 374, 125 (1997)] and in particular it is found that the chemical concentration waves during heterogeneously catalyzed reactions obey Snell's law. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Chaos 11 (2001), S. 757-765 
    ISSN: 1089-7682
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The evolution of scroll waves in excitable media with spherical shell geometries is studied as a function of shell thickness and outer radius. The motion of scroll wave filaments that are the locii of phaseless points in the medium and organize the wave pattern is investigated. When the inner radius is sufficiently large the filaments remain attached to both the inner and outer surfaces. The minimum size of the sphere that supports spiral waves and the maximum number of spiral waves that can be sustained on a sphere of given size are determined for both regular and random initial distributions. When the inner radius is too small to support spiral waves the filaments detach from the inner surface and form a curved filament connecting the two spiral tips in the surface. In certain parameter domains the filament is an arc of a circle that shrinks with constant shape. For parameter values close to the meandering border, the filament grows and collisions with the sphere walls lead to turbulent filament dynamics. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 319 (1986), S. 279-285 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Ocean /atmosphere perturbations that generate large-scale thermal anomalies in the Pacific are natural processes that cause significant variability in living resources. Analysis of the 1982–83 El Niño indicates that depression of the nutricline set in motion a decrease in productivity ...
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