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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of Olivines (1968)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 218 (1968), S. 157-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Most stages of the reaction are topotactic with control of orientation of the breakdown products by the approximately close-packed oxygen layers of the host olivine, so that single-crystal studies are particularly advantageous. These clearly demonstrate the structural complexities of the oxidation ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/218157a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transmission Electron Microscopy in Earth Science (1977)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 5 (1977), S. 203-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6597
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.001223
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the Space Group of Ceramic BaO.Pr2O3.4TiO2 by Electron Diffraction (1995)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 28 (1995), S. 577-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Ceramic specimens of BaO.Pr203.4TiO2 (Ba4.5Pr9Ti18O54) were prepared by the mixed-oxide route. Electron diffraction indicated that the compound has orthorhombic symmetry with cell parameters a ∼ 22.2, b ∼ 12.2 and c ∼ 7.6 Å. The space group was identified as Pnam, one of the two possible space groups previously identified for Ba3.75Ln9.5Ti18O54, where Ln = Nd, La or Sm. The fact that Pnam is a subgroup of the 2c superlattice of Pbam and the existence of antiphase domains with a displacement vector c/2 in BaO.Pr2O3.4TiO2 suggests that it underwent a phase transition during cooling from Pbam to Pnam in which the c axis doubled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889895004365
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structures of synthetic K2MgSi5O12 leucites by integrated X-ray powder diffraction, electron diffraction and 29Si MAS NMR methods (1994)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 50 (1994), S. 31-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108768193008754
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dislocations and voids in pyroxene from a low-temperature eclogite: Mechanism of eclogite formation (1974)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 43 (1974), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A transmission electron microscope study of dislocations and imperfections in omphacites of a low-temperature California eclogite has revealed a dislocation array related to a continuous creep phenomenon. Structures are appropriate to a combination of deformation and annealing processes similar to those observed in the hot working of some metals. The study has revealed the presence of voids or possible fluid inclusions which may indicate that the basalt to eclogite reaction was catalysed by a fluid phase which must have had a very low partial pressure of water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572712
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of crystallography and kinetics on phengite breakdown reactions in a low-pressure metamorphic aureole (1992)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 110 (1992), S. 329-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A natural example of phengite that had undergone partial thermal decomposition at a pressure of about 0.5 kbar and a temperature of about 680° C in a contact aureole was exmined in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Partially pseudomorphed phengites were found to consist of combinations of phengite, biotite, K-feldspar, mullite, sillimanite, spinel and cordierite. Different areas within individual, partially pseudomorphed, phengite grains show various degrees of reaction and different reaction products; the cores are the least reacted and the margins have reacted most. In the cores the assemblage Al-, Mg-enriched phengite+biotite +K-feldspar+mullite±spinel has formed, whereas the assemblage K-feldspar+mullite+sillimanite+spinel +biotite+cordierite has formed at the edges. According to our thermodynamic calculations, the breakdown of phengite should have produced cordierite+spinel +corundum+K-feldspar in regions isolated from the influx of SiO2 and cordierite+andalusite+quartz+K-feldspar in regions near the edge of the grains that were essentially saturated with SiO2. Chemical equilibrium was not achieved in any part of the partially pseudomorphed phengites on a micron scale or larger. Breakdown theoretically should have been complete by about 550° C; the reaction temperature was overstepped by at least 130° C for 20–25 years. The variations in the degree and type of reaction are probably due partly to the availability of suitable nucleation sites in different regions, partly to the need to remove H2O from reaction sites and partly to the influence of SiO2, which diffused into the grains during metamorphism. The presence of SiO2 lowers the equilibrium temperatures. Thus there is a higher driving force for breakdown near the grain boundaries than in the cores. Most of the products show an orientation relationship with the parent phengite and have consistent habit planes; they have their closest-packed planes and closest-packed directions parallel to one another and to those of phengite. Such relationships minimize the strain and surface energies at nucleation and favour most rapid nucleation and growth of the reaction products. The great structural similarity of biotite to phengite resulted in its having the highest rate of nucleation and growth of any product and it occurred in all areas of the phengite pseudomorphs studied. Mullite and sillimanite were produced metastably. Mullite has more rapid nucleation kinetics than other aluminosilicates because it is structurally disordered. Sillimanite formed rather than andalusite in regions of the partially pseudomorphed phengites where the reaction reached an advanced stage, because the reaction from phengite to andalusite requires an energetically unfavourable change in aluminium co-ordination state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310748
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electron microscopic study of a lunar pyroxene (1971)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 33 (1971), S. 171-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Ion-thinned samples of lunar rock 12052 have been examined in the electron microscope. Exsolution textures have been observed in the pyroxene on a finer scale than those found in Apollo 11 rocks, indicating a faster cooling rate. The early stages of the reaction involve modulations on both (001) and (100) which suggest that decomposition may occur by a spinodal mechanism. A two-stage exsolution structure in the augite rim of a phenocryst is consistent with a sudden increase in the cooling rate—possibly when the magma was extruded onto the surface of the moon. The presence of antiphase domains in all primary and precipitated pigeonites confirms that pigeonites of all compositions have the space group C2/c at high temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00374061
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electron-microscopic study of precipitation (exsolution) in an amphibole (the hornblende-grunerite system) (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1974), S. 184-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Transmission, analytical and high-voltage electron microscopy have been used to study the distribution of phases in the naturally occurring silicate minerals hornblende and grunerite. These two minerals belong to the amphibole group and previous analytical work has suggested the existence of a miscibility gap between them involving the segregation of calcium. The minerals in the specimens studied are coarse-grained, having crystallized slowly during metamorphism. Large lamellar precipitates are present in both phases. These precipitates form on (100) and (¯101) planes of the matrix and have remained coherent. Steps are present on the broad faces of these lamellae, suggesting that they have thickened by the propagation of ledges as observed in metal alloy systems. These features are common to both phases, but the grunerite matrix contains an additional set of fine, coherent precipitates which have formed at a later stage and show distinct precipitate-free zones around the earlier precipitates. Analytical microscopy has been used to confirm qualitatively that the precipitation involves segregation of calcium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00550940
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Applications of electron microscopy to minerals (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1973), S. 460-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00550448
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Precipitation (exsolution) in an orthopyroxene (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1973), S. 467-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Ion-thinned samples of orthopyroxene from the Stillwater complex, Montana, have been examined in the electron microscope at 100 and 1000 kV. Exsolution lamellae of a calcium-rich, monoclinic pyroxene (augite) up to 0.5 μm in width were observed parallel to (100) of the matrix. The interface between the matrix and precipitate is semi-coherent and consists of a regular network of dislocations. Nucleation occurs at grain boundaries, subgrain boundaries and individual dislocations. Subsequent growth takes place by the movement of ledges along the (100) interface. The matrix orthopyroxene also contains coherent, homogeneously-distributed precipitates (GP zones). A precipitate-free zone occurs adjacent to each augite lamella.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00550450
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