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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas flux to the atmosphere from mud volcanoes in eastern Romania (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Terra nova 16 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Gas flux measurements have for the first time been taken from vents and soil of eastern Romania mud volcanoes, the largest geological structures in Europe releasing methane into the atmosphere. In the quiescent phase, the methane emission from single vents is up to 28 t yr−1. Diffuse soil microseepage is of the order of 102−105 mg m−2 day−1. A total output of at least 1200 tonnes of CH4 per year can be conservatively estimated over the area investigated alone (∼ 2.3 km2). Helium fluxes are up to five orders of magnitude higher than the average flux in a stable continental area, pointing to a close link between mud volcanoes and crustal degassing through faults crossing the deep hydrocarbon reservoirs. These data represent a key contribution towards refining global CH4-emission estimates, which indicate mud volcanoes as a significant and unavoidable source of greenhouse gases for the atmosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2004.00542.x
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  • 2
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    Identification of chondritic krypton and xenon in Yellowstone gases and the timing of terrestrial volatile accretion (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-08
    Description: Identifying the origin of noble gases in Earth’s mantle can provide crucial constraints on the source and timing of volatile (C, N, H2O, noble gases, etc.) delivery to Earth. It remains unclear whether the early Earth was able to directly capture and retain volatiles throughout accretion or whether it accreted anhydrously and subsequently acquired volatiles through later additions of chondritic material. Here, we report high-precision noble gas isotopic data from volcanic gases emanating from, in and around, the Yellowstone caldera (Wyoming, United States). We show that the He and Ne isotopic and elemental signatures of the Yellowstone gas requires an input from an undegassed mantle plume. Coupled with the distinct ratio of129Xe to primordial Xe isotopes in Yellowstone compared with mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) samples, this confirms that the deep plume and shallow MORB mantles have remained distinct from one another for the majority of Earth’s history. Krypton and xenon isotopes in the Yellowstone mantle plume are found to be chondritic in origin, similar to the MORB source mantle. This is in contrast with the origin of neon in the mantle, which exhibits an isotopic dichotomy between solar plume and chondritic MORB mantle sources. The co-occurrence of solar and chondritic noble gases in the deep mantle is thought to reflect the heterogeneous nature of Earth’s volatile accretion during the lifetime of the protosolar nebula. It notably implies that the Earth was able to retain its chondritic volatiles since its earliest stages of accretion, and not only through late additions.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Chondritic xenon in the Earth’s mantle (2016)
    Springer Nature
    In: Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-05
    Description: Chondritic xenon in the Earth’s mantle Nature 533, 7601 (2016). doi:10.1038/nature17434 Authors: Antonio Caracausi, Guillaume Avice, Peter G. Burnard, Evelyn Füri & Bernard Marty Noble gas isotopes are powerful tracers of the origins of planetary volatiles, and the accretion and evolution of the Earth. The compositions of magmatic gases provide insights into the evolution of the Earth’s mantle and atmosphere. Despite recent analytical progress in the study of planetary materials and mantle-derived gases, the possible dual origin of the planetary gases in the mantle and the atmosphere remains unconstrained. Evidence relating to the relationship between the volatiles within our planet and the potential cosmochemical end-members is scarce. Here we show, using high-precision analysis of magmatic gas from the Eifel volcanic area (in Germany), that the light xenon isotopes identify a chondritic primordial component that differs from the precursor of atmospheric xenon. This is consistent with an asteroidal origin for the volatiles in the Earth’s mantle, and indicates that the volatiles in the atmosphere and mantle originated from distinct cosmochemical sources. Furthermore, our data are consistent with the origin of Eifel magmatism being a deep mantle plume. The corresponding mantle source has been isolated from the convective mantle since about 4.45 billion years ago, in agreement with models that predict the early isolation of mantle domains. Xenon isotope systematics support a clear distinction between mid-ocean-ridge and continental or oceanic plume sources, with chemical heterogeneities dating back to the Earth’s accretion. The deep reservoir now sampled by the Eifel gas had a lower volatile/refractory (iodine/plutonium) composition than the shallower mantle sampled by mid-ocean-ridge volcanism, highlighting the increasing contribution of volatile-rich material during the first tens of millions of years of terrestrial accretion.
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
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    Integrated Transcriptome Map Highlights Structural and Functional Aspects of the Normal Human Heart (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-28
    Description: A systematic meta-analysis of the available gene expression profiling datasets for the whole normal human heart generated a quantitative transcriptome reference map of this organ. TRAM (Transcriptome Mapper) software integrated 32 gene expression profile datasets from different sources returning a reference value of expression for each of the 43,360 known, mapped transcripts assayed by any of the experimental platforms used in this regard. Main findings include the visualization at the gene and chromosomal levels of the classical description of the basic histology and physiology of the heart, the identification of suitable housekeeping reference genes, the analysis of stoichiometry of gene products and the focusing on chromosome 21 genes, which are present in one excess copy in Down syndrome subjects, presenting cardiovascular defects in 30-40% of cases. Independent in vitro validation showed an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.98) with the in silico data. Remarkably, heart/non-cardiac tissues expression ratio may also be used to anticipate that effects of mutations will most probably affect or not the heart. The quantitative reference global portrait of gene expression in the whole normal human heart illustrates the structural and functional aspects of the whole organ and is a general model to understand the mechanisms underlying heart pathophysiology. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-4652
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Temporal variations of helium isotopes in volcanic gases quantify pre-eruptive refill and pressurization in magma reservoirs: The Mount Etna case (2016)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Two approaches to the challenging aim of forecasting impending eruptions are searching for empirical precursors and developing suitable interpretative models. Here we present high-resolution time series of 3 He/ 4 He ratios measured in gases emitted from peripheral vents around Mount Etna volcano (Italy), which revealed variations with strong correlations over both time and a broad spatial scale. The main eruptive episodes are preceded by increases in 3 He/ 4 He, making this ratio a unique tracer for monitoring volcanic activity. These features strongly reflect pressurization beneath the volcano due to deep magma influx. We propose a pioneering model that relates the changes in 3 He/ 4 He to the time-dependent outflow of volatiles from a magmatic chamber subjected to evolution of its internal pressure due to magma injection. At Mount Etna, the model makes it possible to estimate in near real time key parameters such as the rate of magma input and volume change in deep chamber preceding eruptions, and to compare them with geodetic estimations. This represents an unprecedented use of 3 He/ 4 He to obtain quantitative information on the physics of magmatic systems. Volcanoes showing changes of 3 He/ 4 He ratio in discharged gases due to unrest episodes are widespread in the world, and therefore we envisage extensive future applications of this approach.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 6
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    Sulfur isotopic compositions of fumarolic and plume gases at Mount Etna (Italy) and inferences on their magmatic source (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-30
    Description: Here we report new data on the sulfur isotopic compositions (δ34S) of fumarolic and plume gases collected at Mount Etna volcano during 2008–2009. While low-temperature fumaroles are affected by postmagmatic processes that modify the pristine isotopic signature, high-temperature and plume gases allow establishment of a δ34S range of ∼0 ± 1‰ for magmatic SO2. We compared our data with those from S dissolved in primitive melt inclusions from 2002 lava and in whole rocks that erupted during the past two thousand years. Such a comparison revealed that δ34S is systematically lower for magmatic gases than for sulfur dissolved in the melt. We modeled how isotopic fractionation due to magma degassing process may vary δ34S value in both the melt and gaseous phases. This modeling required assessment of the fractionation factor (αgas-melt). The most recent measurements on the oxidation state of sulfur in basaltic melt inclusions indicate that nearly all S is dissolved as sulfate (S6+), which would be possible in oxidized magmatic systems (ΔNNO ≥ 1). Under these conditions the exsolved gaseous phase is depleted with respect to the melt and the proposed model fits both gas and melt data, and constrains the Etnean magmatic δ34S to 1.0 ± 1.5‰. It is remarkable that the assessed redox conditions—which are significantly more oxidizing than previously thought—are able to explain why the dominant sulfur species measured in the Etnean plume is SO2.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Mantle‐derived fluids in the East Java sedimentary basin, Indonesia (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The Tertiary back‐arc sedimentary basin in East Java (Indonesia) hosts a large variety of piercement structures and hydrocarbon fields. Some of the latter (Wunut, Tanggulangin, Carat, Watudakon) are located a few kilometres away from the Arjuno‐Welirang volcanic complex and neighbouring Lusi: the largest active sediment‐hosted hydrothermal system on Earth. In order to investigate interactions between volcanic and sedimentary settings, we performed gas sampling on these four shallow (200‐1000 m depth) petroleum fields. The fields around Lusi are dominated by thermogenic gas that was altered during biodegradation processes. The helium isotope ratios (3He/4He) are as high as 6.7 RA, which is remarkably similar to those measured at the fumaroles of the adjacent volcanic complex (R=7.3 RA) and at the Lusi site (up to 6.5 RA). This highlights the pervasive outgassing of mantle‐derived fluids in the sedimentary basin. Despite these two systems sharing the same mantle‐derived helium source, their hydrocarbons have two different genetic histories: Lusi hydrocarbon gas has been more recently generated and is less molecularly and isotopically‐fractionated, while the gas trapped in the reservoirs is older and more altered. Unlike Lusi, the hydrocarbon fields contain small amounts of CO2 resulting from biodegradation processes. The Watukosek fault system, originating from the Arjuno‐Welirang volcanic complex and extending towards the north‐east of Java, intersects Lusi and the hydrocarbon fields. This network of faults controls the migration of mantle‐derived fluids within the sedimentary basin, feeding the focused venting at the Lusi site and promoting the slower and pervasive migration in the reservoirs.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9313
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9356
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Noble Gas and Carbon Isotope Systematics at the Seemingly Inactive Ciomadul Volcano (Eastern‐Central Europe, Romania): Evidence for Volcanic Degassing (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Ciomadul is the youngest volcano in the Carpathian‐Pannonian Region, Eastern‐Central Europe, which last erupted 30 ka. This volcano is considered to be inactive, however, combined evidence from petrologic and magnetotelluric data, as well as seismic tomography studies, suggests the existence of a subvolcanic crystal mush with variable melt content. The volcanic area is characterized by high CO2 gas output rate, with a minimum of 8.7 × 103 t/year. We investigated 31 gas emissions at Ciomadul to constrain the origin of the volatiles. The δ13C–CO2 and 3He/4He compositions suggest the outgassing of a significant component of mantle‐derived fluids. The He isotope signature in the outgassing fluids (up to 3.10 Ra) is lower than the values in the peridotite xenoliths of the nearby alkaline basalt volcanic field (R/Ra 5.95 Ra ± 0.01), which are representative of a continental lithospheric mantle and significantly lower than MORB values. Considering the chemical characteristics of the Ciomadul dacite, including trace element and Sr–Nd and O isotope compositions, an upper crustal contamination is less probable, whereas the primary magmas could have been derived from an enriched mantle source. The low He isotopic ratios could indicate a strongly metasomatized mantle lithosphere. This could be due to infiltration of subduction‐related fluids and postmetasomatic ingrowth of radiogenic He. The metasomatic fluids are inferred to have contained subducted carbonate material resulting in a heavier carbon isotope composition (δ13C is in the range of −1.4‰ to −4.6‰) and an increase of CO2/3He ratio. Our study shows the magmatic contribution to the emitted gases.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Real-time measurements of the concentration and isotope composition of atmospheric and volcanic CO2 at Mt. Etna (Italy) (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-01
    Description: We present unprecedented data of real-time measurements of the concentration and isotope composition of CO 2 in air and in fumarole-plume gases collected in 2013 during two campaigns at Mt. Etna volcano, which were made using a laser-based isotope-ratio infrared-spectrometer. We performed approximately 360 measurements/hour, which allowed calculation of the δ 13 C-values of volcanic CO 2 . The fumarole gases of Torre del Filosofo (2,900 m a.s.l.) range from –3.24 ± 0.06‰ to –3.71 ± 0.09‰, comparable to isotope-ratio mass-spectrometry (IRMS) measurements of discrete samples collected on the same dates. Plume gases sampled more than 1 km from the craters show a δ 13 C = –2.2 ± 0.4‰, in agreement with the crater fumarole gases analyzed by IRMS. Measurements performed along ~17 km driving-track from Catania to Mt. Etna show negative δ 13 C-values when passing through populated centers due to anthropogenic-derived CO 2 inputs (e.g., car exhaust). The reported results demonstrate that this technique may represent an important advancement for volcanic and environmental monitoring.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Geochemical insight into differences in the physical structures and dynamics of two adjacent maar lakes at Mt. Vulture volcano (southern Italy) (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-14
    Description: [1]  We report on the first geochemical investigation of the Monticchio maar lakes (Mt. Vulture volcano, southern Italy) covering an annual cycle that aimed at understanding the characteristic features of the physical structures and dynamics of the two lakes. We provide the first detailed description of the lakes based on high-resolution CTD profiles, chemical and isotopic (H and O) compositions of the water, and the amounts of dissolved gases (e.g., He, Ar, CH 4 and CO 2 ). The combined data set reveals that the two lakes, which are separated by less than 200 m, exhibit different dynamics: one is a meromictic lake, where the waters are rich in biogenic and mantle-derived gases, while the other is a monomictic lake, which exhibits complete turnover of the water in winter and the release of dissolved gases. Our data strongly suggest that the differences in the dynamics of the two lakes are due to different density profiles affected by dissolved solutes, mainly Fe, which is strongly enriched in the deep water of the meromictic lake. [2]  A conceptual model of water balance was constructed based on the correlation between the chemical composition of the water and the hydrogen isotopic signature. Gas-rich groundwaters that feed both of the lakes and evaporation processes subsequently modify the water chemistry of the lakes. [3]  Our data highlight that no further potential hazardous accumulation of lethal gases is expected at the Monticchio lakes. Nevertheless, geochemical monitoring is needed to prevent the possibility of vigorous gas releases that have previously occurred in historical time.
    Electronic ISSN: 1525-2027
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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