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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Skin Irritants on Percutaneous Absorption (1993)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 10 (1993), S. 1756-1759 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: skin irritation ; percutaneous absorption ; norephedrine ; imipramine ; hydrocortisone ; caffeine ; indomethacin ; transepidermal water loss ; skin pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the application of skin irritants on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of three model compounds of diverse physico-chemical properties, caffeine, indomethacin, and hydrocortisone, were investigated. Norephedrine and imipramine, basic drugs with a known skin irritation potential, were employed to damage the skin. Treatment with norephedrine increased the permeation of caffeine and hydrocortisone by two- to fourfold, while absorption of indomethacin declined an order of magnitude. A similar result was obtained for the effect of treatment with imipramine on transport of caffeine. Pretreatment with imipramine promoted hydrocortisone absorption 10-fold but, unlike norephedrine, did not alter indomethacin permeation. While both treatments in vivo caused an increase (norephedrine 〉 imipramine) in the pH on the surface of skin and after tape-stripping the skin, only norephedrine caused changes in transepidermal water loss in vivo in man. Since imipramine was the more severe irritant as judged by erythema, alterations by irritants of barrier function appeared rather complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018978232145
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Vivo Percutaneous Absorption of Hydrocortisone: Multiple-Application Dosing in Man (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 1164-1167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: hydrocortisone ; multiple dose ; bioavailability ; absorption ; acetone ; human in vivo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone was measured in six healthy adult men from whom informed consent had been obtained. The study compared a single topical dose to multiple-topical dose treatments (one vs three applications) on the same day. 14C-Labeled hydrocortisone in acetone was applied to 2.5 cm2 of ventral forearm skin and protected with a nonocclusive polypropylene chamber. The amount of 14C measured in urine collected over 7 days was used to determine hydrocortisone absorption. The treatments, performed 2 to 3 weeks apart, each utilized adjacent sites on the same individuals. A single dose of 13.33 µg/cm2 delivered 0.056 µg/cm2 of hydro-cortisone through the skin. When the single dose was tripled to 40 µg/cm2, the amount delivered through the skin increased by nearly three times, from 0.056 to 0.140 µg/cm2; the expected delivery was 3 x 0.056 µg/cm2 = 0.168 µg/cm2. Three serial doses of 13.33 µg/ cm2 (total, 40 µg/cm2) were also expected to deliver 0.168 µg/cm2 with or without soap and water washing between doses, but the observed amount of hydrocortisone delivered through the skin significantly exceeded our expectations. This indicates that multiple-dosing treatments resulted in a significant increase in bioavailability. It is postulated that increased vehicle application and washing dissolved and mobilized previously dosed hydrocortisone and increased bioavailability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015899721493
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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