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  • 1
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    A medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance observed from the ground and from space (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-30
    Description: We report ultraviolet optical observations from space of a Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance (MSTID) made during the Combined Radio Interferometry and COSMIC Experiment in Tomography Campaign (CRICKET) held on September 15, 2007 at ∼8:30 UT. The experiment used a Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC also known as FORMOSAT-3) satellite in conjunction with the Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope, located near Socorro, NM, to study the ionosphere from the global scale down to the regional scale while the TIDs propagated through it. The COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 satellite measured the F region electron density both horizontally and with altitude while the VLA measured the directions and speeds of the TIDs. These observations provide new information on this poorly understood class of TID and demonstrate the possibility of studying MSTIDs using space-based optical instruments.
    Print ISSN: 0048-6604
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-799X
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Intratumor heterogeneity reveals GB evolution [Medical Sciences] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-06
    Description: Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and aggressive primary brain malignancy, with poor prognosis and a lack of effective therapeutic options. Accumulating evidence suggests that intratumor heterogeneity likely is the key to understanding treatment failure. However, the extent of intratumor heterogeneity as a result of tumor evolution is still poorly...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Uplift at lithospheric swells--II: is the Cape Verde mid-plate swell supported by a lithosphere of varying mechanical strength? (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-11
    Description: The Cape Verde mid-plate swell is the largest amplitude oceanic mid-plate swell on Earth at ~1800 km in diameter, with a crest ~2.2 km high, and long-wavelength positive geoid, gravity and heat flow anomalies of 8 m, 30 mGal and 10–15 mW m –2 , respectively. These characteristics and its location on the slow moving-to-stationary African Plate, which concentrates the volcanism and associated geophysical anomalies within a relatively small areal extent, makes it an ideal location to test various proposed mechanisms for swell support. Wide-angle seismic refraction data have been acquired along a ~474 km profile extending north–south from the swell crest. In this paper, the 2-D velocity–depth crustal model derived from forward modelling of phase traveltime picks is tested using two independent inversion approaches. The final crustal velocity–depth model derived from the combined modelling, shows no evidence for widespread thickened crust or for lower crustal velocities exceeding 7.3 km s –1 that are indicative of undercrustal magmatic material. Using the final velocity–depth model to constrain the crust for 3-D ‘whole plate’ lithospheric flexure modelling of island loading alone, we show that the lithosphere of the Cape Verde region appears stronger than expected for its age. Regional-scale modelling suggests that the majority of the swell height is supported by dynamic upwelling within the asthenosphere coupled with, but to a lesser degree, the effect of a region of low density in the deeper lithosphere, originating most likely from conductive reheating of the overlying plate due to its slow-to-stationary motion. When this regional upward-acting buoyancy force is considered in the context of the shorter wavelength flexure associated with island loading, modelling suggests that the apparent high plate strength is a consequence of, in effect, a regional unbending of a lithosphere that has a long-term strength typical for its age.
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 4
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    The impulsive phase of magnetar giant flares: assessing linear tearing as the trigger mechanism (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Giant -ray flares comprise the most extreme radiation events observed from magnetars. Developing on (sub)millisecond time-scales and generating vast amounts of energy within a fraction of a second, the initial phase of these extraordinary bursts presents a significant challenge for candidate trigger mechanisms. Here we assess and critically analyse the linear growth of the relativistic tearing instability in a globally twisted magnetosphere as the trigger mechanism for giant -ray flares. Our main constraints are given by the observed emission time-scales, the energy output of the giant flare spike, and inferred dipolar magnetic field strengths. We find that the minimum growth time of the linear mode is comparable to the e -folding rise time, i.e. ~10 –1  ms. With this result, we constrain basic geometric parameters of the current sheet. We also discuss the validity of the presumption that the e -folding emission time-scale may be equated with the growth time of a magnetohydrodynamic instability.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Design of a dispersion interferometer combined with a polarimeter to increase the electron density measurement reliability on ITER (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-10
    Description: A dispersion interferometer is a reliable density measurement system and is being designed as a complementary density diagnostic on ITER. The dispersion interferometer is inherently insensitive to mechanical vibrations, and a combined polarimeter with the same line of sight can correct fringe jump errors. A proof of the principle of the CO 2 laser dispersion interferometer combined with the PEM polarimeter was recently conducted, where the phase shift and the polarization angle were successfully measured simultaneously. Standard deviations of the line-average density and the polarization angle measurements over 1 s are 9 × 10 16 m −2 and 0.19°, respectively, with a time constant of 100 μ s. Drifts of the zero point, which determine the resolution in steady-state operation, correspond to 0.25% and 1% of the phase shift and the Faraday rotation angle expected on ITER.
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 6
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    Microtomographic evaluation of the bone–cell interactions with a silorane-based composite (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-11
    Description: The low-shrink Silorane-based composite could bond effectively to bone and showed the potential be used as a bone cement. Bone organ culture maintains the anatomical order, natural cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix relationship. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the responses of bone cells to a Silorane-based composite which was compared with a representative polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. The critical size defects were created through the parietal bones from one litter of mice. The paired bones were divided into two groups: Silorane-based composite group and PMMA group. The prepared two groups of disks were put into the defects. The cultures were grown in vitro for 38 days and analyzed with microcomputed-tomography, dissecting-microscope, phase- contrast-microscope, scanning-electron-microscopy, and energy- dispersive-X-ray. At the 10th day, the Silorane disk was almost fully covered by a sheet of cells but the cells hardly attached to the disk surface. The edge of the PMMA disk was covered by a sheet of cells and the migrated individual cells attached to the whole surface of the disk. At the 38th day, some cells attached to the exposed disk area of the Silorane disk while the formed tissues covered the whole surface of the PMMA disk. The collagen fibers, globular deposits and bone formation were visible in both groups. The Silorane-based composite showed promise as a potential bone cement when compared with PMMA which is used in clinical orthopedics. However, the cell attachment to PMMA was evidently better than to Silorane-based composite. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Print ISSN: 1059-910X
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0029
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
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    Microtomographic evaluation of the bone–cell interactions with a silorane-based composite (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: The low-shrink Silorane-based composite could bond effectively to bone and showed the potential be used as a bone cement. Bone organ culture maintains the anatomical order, natural cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix relationship. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the responses of bone cells to a Silorane-based composite which was compared with a representative polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement. The critical size defects were created through the parietal bones from one litter of mice. The paired bones were divided into two groups: Silorane-based composite group and PMMA group. The prepared two groups of disks were put into the defects. The cultures were grown in vitro for 38 days and analyzed with microcomputed-tomography, dissecting-microscope, phase- contrast-microscope, scanning-electron-microscopy, and energy- dispersive-X-ray. At the 10th day, the Silorane disk was almost fully covered by a sheet of cells but the cells hardly attached to the disk surface. The edge of the PMMA disk was covered by a sheet of cells and the migrated individual cells attached to the whole surface of the disk. At the 38th day, some cells attached to the exposed disk area of the Silorane disk while the formed tissues covered the whole surface of the PMMA disk. The collagen fibers, globular deposits and bone formation were visible in both groups. The Silorane-based composite showed promise as a potential bone cement when compared with PMMA which is used in clinical orthopedics. However, the cell attachment to PMMA was evidently better than to Silorane-based composite. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Print ISSN: 1059-910X
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0029
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
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    Evidence of biogeomorphic patterning in a low-relief karst landscape (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-03
    Description: ABSTRACT Patterned landscapes are often evidence of biotic control on geomorphic processes, emerging in response to coupled ecosystem processes acting at different spatial scales. Self-reinforcing processes at local scales expand patches, while self-inhibiting processes, operating at a distance, impose limits to expansion. In Big Cypress National Preserve (BICY) in southwest Florida, isolated forested wetland depressions (cypress domes) appear to be evenly distributed within a mosaic of short-hydroperiod marshes and pine uplands. To test the hypothesis that the apparent patterning is regular, we characterized frequency distributions and spatial patterns of vegetation communities, surface and bedrock elevation, and soil properties (thickness and phosphorus content). Nearest neighbor distances indicate strongly significant wetland spatial overdispersion, and bedrock elevations exhibited periodic spatial autocorrelation; both observations are consistent with regular patterning. Bedrock elevations and soil P were clearly bimodal, suggesting strong positive feedbacks on wetland patch development. Soil-surface elevations exhibited weaker bimodality, indicating smoothing of surface morphology by some combination of sediment transport, mineral reprecipitation, and organic matter production. Significant negative autocorrelation of bedrock elevations at scales similar to wetland spacing suggest the presence of distal negative feedbacks on patch expansion. These findings support the inference of regular patterning, and are consistent with the presence of local positive feedbacks among hydroperiod, vegetation productivity and bedrock dissolution. These processes are ultimately constrained by distal negative feedbacks, potentially induced by landscape scale limitations on the water volume required to enable this biogeomorphic mechanism. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0197-9337
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-9837
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    Rare endogenous lipid activates iNKT cells [Immunology and Inflammation] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a specialized T-cell subset that recognizes lipids as antigens, contributing to immune responses in diverse disease processes. Experimental data suggests that iNKT cells can recognize both microbial and endogenous lipid antigens. Several candidate endogenous lipid antigens have been proposed, although the contextual role...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Mouse calvarial defect Model: An approach for the micro-tomographic evaluation of polymer scaffolds (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: ABSTRACT The ability of bone repair scaffolds to form bone is traditionally evaluated using cell culture and animal experiments. Mouse calvarial organ culture maintains the natural cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix relationships as well as the anatomical order, and this model has been used to study the biological behavior of intramembranous bones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of mouse calvarial organ culture to be used as an in vitro model to study the bone regenerative ability of bone repair polymer scaffolds. Critical size defects (CSD) were created in the parietal bones. Electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds were placed into one group of defects. The remaining defects served as a control. The bones were cultured for 38 days and analyzed with μCT, phase-contrast microscopy, dissecting microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses. This organ culture technique is easily available and could permit researchers to quickly establish a valuable database of candidate bone repair scaffolds. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2014 . © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Print ISSN: 1059-910X
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0029
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Wiley
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