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  • 1
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    Ecological and dietary correlates of stable hydrogen isotope ratios in fur and body water of syntopic tropical bats (2013)
    Wiley
    In: Ecology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-31
    Description: Ecology, Volume 94, Issue 2, Page 346-355, February 2013. Hydrogen stable isotope ratios of keratin (δ2HK) are increasingly used as endogenous markers to study animal movements, yet it is unclear what factors might influence δ2HK in free-ranging animals. We studied hydrogen stable isotope ratios of body water (δ2HBW) and fur keratin in 36 bat species (〉400 individuals) from a tropical forest assemblage to evaluate if δ2HBW and δ2HK are related to body size, trophic position, and movement ecology. We found a relatively large range of δ2HBW values (∼65‰) across bat species. Our phylogenetically controlled analysis showed that δ2HBW was not related to body size, trophic position, or movement ecology of species. The analysis also indicated that δ2HBW of primary consumers (i.e., fruit-eating bats) was similar to that of fruit juice, and δ2HBW of secondary consumers (i.e., animalivorous bats) was similar to that of surface water. Across bat species, δ2HK tended to decrease with increasing δ2HBW, suggesting that δ2HK is not directly linked to δ2HBW. We further tested whether δ2HK varied with a species' trophic position (measured as δ15N) and movement ecology (local or regional species). In syntopic bats, δ2HK ranged over 73‰, yet δ2HK was related neither to δ15N nor to the movement ecology of species. Fur keratin of secondary consumers was more enriched in 2H by 44‰ and in 15N by 3.7‰ compared with fur keratin of primary consumers. In an intraspecific analysis, we found that δ2HK of an insectivorous bat varied by 20‰ between colonies at 4 km distance. Within this species, δ2HK was not related to individual δ15N and body mass. Our data suggest that variation in δ2HK can be large in bats of tropical assemblages, both across species (range ∼70‰) and even within sedentary species (range ∼20‰), and that δ2HK is largely affected by the dietary habits of species.
    Print ISSN: 0012-9658
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-9170
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 2
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    Antibodies to Pseudogymnoascus destructans are not sufficient for protection against white-nose syndrome (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Description: White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal disease caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans ( Pd ) that affects bats during hibernation. Although millions of bats have died from WNS in North America, mass mortality has not been observed among European bats infected by the fungus, leading to the suggestion that bats in Europe are immune. We tested the hypothesis that an antibody-mediated immune response can provide protection against WNS by quantifying antibodies reactive to Pd in blood samples from seven species of free-ranging bats in North America and two free-ranging species in Europe. We also quantified antibodies in blood samples from little brown myotis ( Myotis lucifugus ) that were part of a captive colony that we injected with live Pd spores mixed with adjuvant, as well as individuals surviving a captive Pd infection trial. Seroprevalence of antibodies against Pd , as well as antibody titers, was greater among little brown myotis than among four other species of cave-hibernating bats in North America, including species with markedly lower WNS mortality rates. Among little brown myotis, the greatest titers occurred in populations occupying regions with longer histories of WNS, where bats lacked secondary symptoms of WNS. We detected antibodies cross-reactive with Pd among little brown myotis naïve to the fungus. We observed high titers among captive little brown myotis injected with Pd . We did not detect antibodies against Pd in Pd -infected European bats during winter, and titers during the active season were lower than among little brown myotis. These results show that antibody-mediated immunity cannot explain survival of European bats infected with Pd and that little brown myotis respond differently to Pd than species with higher WNS survival rates. Although it appears that some species of bats in North America may be developing resistance to WNS, an antibody-mediated immune response does not provide an explanation for these remnant populations. We directly measured antibody-mediated immune responses in free-ranging bats to the fungus that causes white-nose syndrome (WNS). Several lines of evidence demonstrated that antibody-mediated immune resistance does not explain the survival of certain species infected with Pseudogymnoascus destructans in North America or Europe. By eliminating antibody-mediated immunity as a pathway for surviving WNS, this study raises important additional questions about the ability of North American bats to adapt to WNS.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-7758
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    Extinction and optical depth of contrails (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-14
    Description: One factor limiting the understanding of the climate impact from contrails and aircraft induced cloud modifications is the accurate determination of their optical depth. To this end, 14 contrails were sampled for 2756 s with instruments onboard the research aircraft Falcon during the CONCERT (CONtrail and Cirrus ExpeRimenT) campaign in November 2008. The young (
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Varying foraging patterns in response to competition? A multicolony approach in a generalist seabird (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: Reducing resource competition is a crucial requirement for colonial seabirds to ensure adequate self- and chick-provisioning during breeding season. Spatial segregation is a common avoidance strategy among and within species from neighboring breeding colonies. We determined whether the foraging behaviors of incubating lesser black-backed gulls ( Larus fuscus ) differed between six colonies varying in size and distance to mainland, and whether any differences could be related to the foraging habitats visited. Seventy-nine incubating individuals from six study colonies along the German North Sea coast were equipped with GPS data loggers in multiple years. Dietary information was gained by sampling food pellets, and blood samples were taken for stable isotope analyses. Foraging patterns clearly differed among and within colonies. Foraging range increased with increasing colony size and decreased with increasing colony distance from the mainland, although the latter might be due to the inclusion of the only offshore colony. Gulls from larger colonies with consequently greater density-dependent competition were more likely to forage at land instead of at sea. The diets of the gulls from the colonies furthest from each other differed, while the diets from the other colonies overlapped with each other. The spatial segregation and dietary similarities suggest that lesser black-backed gulls foraged at different sites and utilized two main habitat types, although these were similar across foraging areas for all colonies except the single offshore island. The avoidance of intraspecific competition results in colony-specific foraging patterns, potentially causing more intensive utilization of terrestrial foraging sites, which may offer more predictable and easily available foraging compared with the marine environment. In a multiyear tracking study, we tested whether the foraging behaviors of incubating lesser black-backed gulls differed between six island colonies varying in size (breeding pairs) and distance to mainland, and whether any differences could be related to the foraging habitats visited. Birds fed at terrestrial and marine habitats, although birds from colonies with larger sizes tended to utilize terrestrial habitats stronger than those from small-size colonies. The clearly segregated foraging patterns among all studied colonies might be a strategy to avoid intraspecific competition, which might in turn lead to a more intensive utilization of terrestrial foraging sites offering more predictable and easily available foraging compared with the marine environment.
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-7758
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
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    Habitat use of migratory bats killed during autumn at wind turbines (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-25
    Description: The killing of large numbers of migratory bats at wind turbines is a pressing conservation problem. Even though avoidance and mitigation measures could benefit from a better knowledge of the species’ migratory habits, we lack basic information about what habitats and corridors bats use during migration. Here, we studied the isotopic niche dimensions of three bat species that are frequently killed at wind turbines in Germany: non-migratory Pipistrellus pipistrellus , mid-distance migratory Nyctalus noctula , and long-distance migratory Pipistrellus nathusii . We measured stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ 13 C, δ 15 N) in five tissues that differed in isotopic retention time (fur, wing membrane tissue, muscle, liver, blood) to shed light on the species-specific habitat use during the autumn migration period using standard ellipse areas (SEAc). Further, we used stable isotope ratios of non-exchangeable hydrogen (δ 2 H K ) in fur keratin to assess the breeding origin of bats. We inferred from isotopic composition (δ 13 C, δ 15 N) of fur keratin that isotopic niche dimensions of P. nathusii was distinct from that of Nyctalus noctula and P. pipistrellus , probably because P. nathusii was using more aquatic habitats than the other two species. Isoscape origin models supported that traveled distances before dying at wind turbines was largest for P. nathusii , intermediate for N. noctula and shortest for P. pipistrellus . Isotopic niche dimensions calculated for each sample type separately reflected the species’ migratory behavior. Pipistrellus pipistrellus and N. noctula showed similar isotopic niche breadth across all tissue types, whereas SEAc values of P. nathusii increased in tissues with slow turnaround time. Isotopic data suggested that P. nathusii consistently used aquatic habitats throughout the autumn period, whereas N. noctula showed a stronger association with terrestrial habitats during autumn compared to the pre-migration period. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1051-0761
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5582
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 6
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    Measurements of HONO, NO, NOy and SO2 in aircraft exhaust plumes at cruise (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-27
    Description: Measurements of gaseous nitrogen and sulfur oxide emissions in young aircraft exhaust plumes give insight into chemical oxidation processes inside aircraft engines. Particularly, the OH-induced formation of nitrous acid (HONO) from nitrogen oxide (NO) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) from sulfur dioxide (SO2) inside the turbine which is highly uncertain, need detailed analysis to address the climate impact of aviation. We report on airborne in situ measurements at cruise altitudes of HONO, NO, NOy, and SO2 in 9 wakes of 8 different types of modern jet airliners, including for the first time also an A380. Measurements of HONO and SO2 were made with an ITCIMS (Ion Trap Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer) using a new ion-reaction scheme involving SF5− reagent ions. The measured molar ratios HONO/NO and HONO/NOy with averages of 0.038 ± 0.010 and 0.027 ± 0.005 were found to decrease systematically with increasing NOx emission-index (EI NOx). We calculate an average EI HONO of 0.31 ± 0.12 g NO2 kg−1. Using reliable measurements of HONO and NOy, which are less adhesive than H2SO4 to the inlet walls, we derive the OH-induced conversion fraction of fuel sulfur to sulfuric acid $\varepsilon$ with an average of 2.2 ± 0.5 %. $\varepsilon$ also tends to decrease with increasing EI NOx, consistent with earlier model simulations. The lowest HONO/NO, HONO/NOy and $\varepsilon$ was observed for the largest passenger aircraft A380.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    A quantitative analysis of stratospheric HCl, HNO3 and O3 in the tropopause region near the subtropical jet (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-13
    Description: The effects of chemical two-way mixing on the Extratropical Transition Layer (ExTL) near the subtropical jet (STJ) is investigated by stratospheric tracer-tracer correlations. To this end, in-situ measurements were performed west of Africa (25- 32°N) during the TACTS/ESMVal mission in August/September 2012. The Atmospheric chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer AIMS sampling HCl and HNO 3 was for the first time deployed on the new German High Altitude and LOng range research aircraft HALO. Measurements of O 3 , CO, ECMWF analysis and the tight correlation of the unambiguous tracer HCl to O 3 and HNO 3 in the lower stratosphere were used to quantify the stratospheric content of these species in the ExTL. With increasing distance from the tropopause the stratospheric content increased from 10% to 100% with differing profiles for HNO 3 and O 3 . Tropospheric fractions of 20% HNO 3 and 40% O 3 were detected up to a distance of 30 K above the tropopause.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Evolution of CO2, SO2, HCl and HNO3 in the volcanic plumes from Etna (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-21
    Description: [1]  The volcanic plumes from degassing Etna (Italy) were extensively probed with instruments onboard the DLR research aircraft Falcon during the CONCERT campaign on 29/30 September 2011. Up to 10.4 ppmv SO 2 and 0.3 ppmv HCl were detected with the Atmospheric chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer AIMS at 3.1 km altitude and 20 km distance to the summit. HNO 3 is the dominant reactive nitrogen component in the plumes. Linking aircraft and ground-based observations by HYSPLIT dispersion modeling, we identify two crater plumes with different compositions primarily injected by the Bocca Nuova and North East craters. Uniquely, we follow their chemical evolution up to 5 hours plume age. Our results show that CO 2 /SO 2 and SO 2 /HCl molar ratios are stable in the ageing plumes. Hence, conversion of SO 2 to H 2 SO 4 and partitioning of HCl in acidic plume particles plays a minor role at dry tropospheric conditions. Thus, these trace gases allow monitoring volcanic activity far from the crater.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    Chemical analysis of polar stratospheric cloud particles (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-02-12
    Description: A balloon-borne gondola carrying a particle analysis system, a backscatter sonde, and pressure and temperature sensors was launched from Kiruna, Sweden, on 25 January 1998. Measurements within polar stratospheric cloud layers inside the Arctic polar vortex show a close correlation between large backscatter ratios and enhanced particle-related water and nitric acid signals at low temperatures. Periodic structures in the data indicate the presence of lee waves. The H2O/HNO3 molar ratios are consistently found to be above 10 at atmospheric temperatures between 189 and 192 kelvin. Such high ratios indicate ternary solution particles of H2O, HNO3, and H2SO4 rather than the presence of solid hydrates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schreiner -- Voigt -- Kohlmann -- Arnold -- Mauersberger -- Larsen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Feb 12;283(5404):968-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Post Office Box 103 980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany. Danish Meteorological Institute, Division of Middle Atmosphere Research, Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9974386" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) in polar stratospheric clouds (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-11
    Description: A comprehensive investigation of polar stratospheric clouds was performed on 25 January 2000 with instruments onboard a balloon gondola flown from Kiruna, Sweden. Cloud layers were repeatedly encountered at altitudes between 20 and 24 kilometers over a wide range of atmospheric temperatures (185 to 197 kelvin). Particle composition analysis showed that a large fraction of the cloud layers was composed of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles, containing water and nitric acid at a molar ratio of 3:1; this confirmed that these long-sought solid crystals exist well above ice formation temperatures. The presence of NAT particles enhances the potential for chlorine activation with subsequent ozone destruction in polar regions, particularly in early and late winter.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Voigt, C -- Schreiner, J -- Kohlmann, A -- Zink, P -- Mauersberger, K -- Larsen, N -- Deshler, T -- Kroger, C -- Rosen, J -- Adriani, A -- Cairo, F -- Di Donfrancesco, G -- Viterbini, M -- Ovarlez, J -- Ovarlez, H -- David, C -- Dornbrack, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 1;290(5497):1756-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Post Office Box 103 980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11099412" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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