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  • 1
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    How to better control polymer chemistry (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    By carrot or by stick: cognitive reinforcement learning in parkinsonism (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-06
    Description: To what extent do we learn from the positive versus negative outcomes of our decisions? The neuromodulator dopamine plays a key role in these reinforcement learning processes. Patients with Parkinson's disease, who have depleted dopamine in the basal ganglia, are impaired in tasks that require learning from trial and error. Here, we show, using two cognitive procedural learning tasks, that Parkinson's patients off medication are better at learning to avoid choices that lead to negative outcomes than they are at learning from positive outcomes. Dopamine medication reverses this bias, making patients more sensitive to positive than negative outcomes. This pattern was predicted by our biologically based computational model of basal ganglia-dopamine interactions in cognition, which has separate pathways for "Go" and "NoGo" responses that are differentially modulated by positive and negative reinforcement.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frank, Michael J -- Seeberger, Lauren C -- O'reilly, Randall C -- MH069597-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 10;306(5703):1940-3. Epub 2004 Nov 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA. frankmj@psych.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528409" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Antiparkinson Agents/therapeutic use ; Basal Ganglia/*physiopathology ; *Cognition ; Computer Simulation ; Dopamine/*physiology ; Feedback, Psychological ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/physiopathology ; Humans ; *Learning ; Male ; Matched-Pair Analysis ; Middle Aged ; Models, Neurological ; Parkinson Disease/drug therapy/*physiopathology/*psychology ; Probability ; *Reinforcement (Psychology)
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    What is countable and how neurons learn [Biological Sciences] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-24
    Description: Aksentijevic (1) raises issues with our recent report (2) that bear further clarification because they reflect some fundamental confusion about the nature of random sequences. First, it is essential to distinguish statistics for individual elements (i.e., patterns of length one) vs. statistics for patterns consisting of more than one element...
    Keywords: Letters
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 4
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    Systematicity through indirection [Neuroscience] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-09
    Description: The ability to flexibly, rapidly, and accurately perform novel tasks is a hallmark of human behavior. In our everyday lives we are often faced with arbitrary instructions that we must understand and follow, and we are able to do so with remarkable ease. It has frequently been argued that this...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    Neural learning of waiting time [Psychological and Cognitive Sciences] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-25
    Description: People generally fail to produce random sequences by overusing alternating patterns and avoiding repeating ones—the gambler’s fallacy bias. We can explain the neural basis of this bias in terms of a biologically motivated neural model that learns from errors in predicting what will happen next. Through mere exposure to random...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 6
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    Biologically based computational models of high-level cognition (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: Computer models based on the detailed biology of the brain can help us understand the myriad complexities of human cognition and intelligence. Here, we review models of the higher level aspects of human intelligence, which depend critically on the prefrontal cortex and associated subcortical areas. The picture emerging from a convergence of detailed mechanistic models and more abstract functional models represents a synthesis between analog and digital forms of computation. Specifically, the need for robust active maintenance and rapid updating of information in the prefrontal cortex appears to be satisfied by bistable activation states and dynamic gating mechanisms. These mechanisms are fundamental to digital computers and may be critical for the distinctive aspects of human intelligence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Reilly, Randall C -- MH069597/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH64445/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):91-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. oreilly@psych.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023651" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/*physiology ; *Cognition ; *Computer Simulation ; Humans ; *Intelligence ; *Models, Neurological ; Nerve Net/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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