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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-11-29
    Description: A magnetic field sensor based on the integration of a high birefringence photonic crystal fiber and a composite material made of Terfenol particles and an epoxy resin is proposed. An in-fiber modal interferometer is assembled by evenly exciting both eigenemodes of the HiBi fiber. Changes in the cavity length as well as the effective refractive index are induced by exposing the sensor head to magnetic fields. The magnetic field sensor has a sensitivity of 0.006 (nm/mT) over a range from 0 to 300 mT with a resolution about ±1 mT. A fiber Bragg grating magnetic field sensor is also fabricated and employed to characterize the response of Terfenol composite to the magnetic field.
    Electronic ISSN: 1424-8220
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is a critical variable in determining plant photosynthesis. Synthesis of four global climate datasets reveals a sharp increase of VPD after the late 1990s. In response, the vegetation greening trend indicated by a satellite-derived vegetation index (GIMMS3g), which was evident before the late 1990s, was subsequently stalled or reversed. Terrestrial gross primary production derived from two satellite-based models (revised EC-LUE and MODIS) exhibits persistent and widespread decreases after the late 1990s due to increased VPD, which offset the positive CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 fertilization effect. Six Earth system models have consistently projected continuous increases of VPD throughout the current century. Our results highlight that the impacts of VPD on vegetation growth should be adequately considered to assess ecosystem responses to future climate conditions.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-27
    Description: We use complementary observations from the prototype and expanded Global Muon Detector Network (GMDN) and the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite to identify precursors of geomagnetic storm events. The GMDN was completed and started operation in March 2006 with the addition of the Kuwait detector, complementing the detectors at Nagoya, Hobart, and São Martinho da Serra. Analyzed geomagnetic storms sorted by their intensity as measured by the Disturbance storm-time (Dst) index. Between March 2001 and December 2007, 122 Moderate Storms (MS), 51 Intense Storms (IS), and 8 Super Storms (SS) were monitored by the GMDN. The major conclusions are (i) the percentage of the events accompanied by the precursors prior to the Sudden Storm Commencement (SSC) increases with increasing peak Dst, (ii) 15% of MSs, 30% of ISs, and 86% of SSs are accompanied by cosmic ray precursors observed on average 7.2 hours in advance of the SSC.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2014-08-20
    Description: The tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) resistance gene Tm-1 encodes a protein that shows no sequence homology to functionally characterized proteins. Tm-1 binds ToMV replication proteins and thereby inhibits replication complex formation. ToMV mutants that overcome this resistance have amino acid substitutions in the helicase domain of the replication proteins (ToMV-Hel)....
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: The intensity of Galactic cosmic rays is nearly isotropic because of the influence of magnetic fields in the Milky Way. Here, we present two-dimensional high-precision anisotropy measurement for energies from a few to several hundred teraelectronvolts (TeV), using the large data sample of the Tibet Air Shower Arrays. Besides revealing finer details of the known anisotropies, a new component of Galactic cosmic ray anisotropy in sidereal time is uncovered around the Cygnus region direction. For cosmic-ray energies up to a few hundred TeV, all components of anisotropies fade away, showing a corotation of Galactic cosmic rays with the local Galactic magnetic environment. These results have broad implications for a comprehensive understanding of cosmic rays, supernovae, magnetic fields, and heliospheric and Galactic dynamic environments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Amenomori, M -- Ayabe, S -- Bi, X J -- Chen, D -- Cui, S W -- Danzengluobu -- Ding, L K -- Ding, X H -- Feng, C F -- Feng, Zhaoyang -- Feng, Z Y -- Gao, X Y -- Geng, Q X -- Guo, H W -- He, H H -- He, M -- Hibino, K -- Hotta, N -- Hu, Haibing -- Hu, H B -- Huang, J -- Huang, Q -- Jia, H Y -- Kajino, F -- Kasahara, K -- Katayose, Y -- Kato, C -- Kawata, K -- Labaciren -- Le, G M -- Li, A F -- Li, J Y -- Lou, Y-Q -- Lu, H -- Lu, S L -- Meng, X R -- Mizutani, K -- Mu, J -- Munakata, K -- Nagai, A -- Nanjo, H -- Nishizawa, M -- Ohnishi, M -- Ohta, I -- Onuma, H -- Ouchi, T -- Ozawa, S -- Ren, J R -- Saito, T -- Saito, T Y -- Sakata, M -- Sako, T K -- Sasaki, T -- Shibata, M -- Shiomi, A -- Shirai, T -- Sugimoto, H -- Takita, M -- Tan, Y H -- Tateyama, N -- Torii, S -- Tsuchiya, H -- Udo, S -- Wang, B -- Wang, H -- Wang, X -- Wang, Y G -- Wu, H R -- Xue, L -- Yamamoto, Y -- Yan, C T -- Yang, X C -- Yasue, S -- Ye, Z H -- Yu, G C -- Yuan, A F -- Yuda, T -- Zhang, H M -- Zhang, J L -- Zhang, N J -- Zhang, X Y -- Zhang, Y -- Zhang, Yi -- Zhaxisangzhu -- Zhou, X X -- Tibet ASgamma Collaboration -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):439-43.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-27
    Description: Meteorite studies suggest that each solar system object has a unique oxygen isotopic composition. Chondrites, the most primitive of meteorites, have been believed to be derived from asteroids, but oxygen isotopic compositions of asteroids themselves have not been established. We measured, using secondary ion mass spectrometry, oxygen isotopic compositions of rock particles from asteroid 25143 Itokawa returned by the Hayabusa spacecraft. Compositions of the particles are depleted in (16)O relative to terrestrial materials and indicate that Itokawa, an S-type asteroid, is one of the sources of the LL or L group of equilibrated ordinary chondrites. This is a direct oxygen-isotope link between chondrites and their parent asteroid.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yurimoto, Hisayoshi -- Abe, Ken-ichi -- Abe, Masanao -- Ebihara, Mitsuru -- Fujimura, Akio -- Hashiguchi, Minako -- Hashizume, Ko -- Ireland, Trevor R -- Itoh, Shoichi -- Katayama, Juri -- Kato, Chizu -- Kawaguchi, Junichiro -- Kawasaki, Noriyuki -- Kitajima, Fumio -- Kobayashi, Sachio -- Meike, Tatsuji -- Mukai, Toshifumi -- Nagao, Keisuke -- Nakamura, Tomoki -- Naraoka, Hiroshi -- Noguchi, Takaaki -- Okazaki, Ryuji -- Park, Changkun -- Sakamoto, Naoya -- Seto, Yusuke -- Takei, Masashi -- Tsuchiyama, Akira -- Uesugi, Masayuki -- Wakaki, Shigeyuki -- Yada, Toru -- Yamamoto, Kosuke -- Yoshikawa, Makoto -- Zolensky, Michael E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 26;333(6046):1116-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1207776.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan. yuri@ep.sci.hokudai.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21868668" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-12-14
    Description: Submerged vortices in a model pump sump and their flow structures were investigated numerically. The model pump sump is composed of a 2,500 mm-long water channel with rectangular cross section of 150 mm (channel width) by 100 mm (water height) and a vertical suction pipe with 100 mm diameter installed at its downstream end. At the upstream end of the channel, a uniform velocity of 0.37 m/s is given. In order to capture appearances and disappearances of submerged vortices in the pump sump, large eddy simulations (LES) are performed. The computational grids for the LES are composed of 2 billion hexahedral elements with 0.255 mm resolution. These grids can resolve the streamwise vortices in the approaching turbulent boundary layers that develops on the channel walls. However, it is not sufficiently fine to capture the vortex cores of the submerged vortices. The LES succeeded to capture appearances of the submerged vortices. By performing LES with several different sets of the wall ...
    Print ISSN: 1755-1307
    Electronic ISSN: 1755-1315
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Cosmic rays are charged particles whose flux observed at Earth shows temporal variations related to space weather phenomena and may be an important tool to study them. The cosmic ray intensity recorded with ground‐based detectors also shows temporal variations arising from atmospheric variations. In the case of muon detectors, the main atmospheric effects are related to pressure and temperature changes. In this work, we analyze both effects using data recorded by the Global Muon Detector Network (GMDN), consisting of four multidirectional muon detectors at different locations, in the period between 2007 and 2016. For each GMDN directional channel, we obtain coefficients that describe the pressure and temperature effects. We then analyze how these coefficients can be related to the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity and zenith angle associated with cosmic‐ray particles observed by each channel. In the pressure effect analysis, we found that the observed barometric coefficients show a very clear logarithmic correlation with the cutoff rigidity divided by the zenith angle cosine. On the other hand, the temperature coefficients show a good logarithmic correlation with the product of the cutoff and zenith angle cosine after adding a term proportional to the sine of geographical latitude of the observation site. This additional term implies that the temperature effect measured in the northern hemisphere detectors is stronger than that observed in the southern hemisphere. The physical origin of this term and of the good correlations found in this analysis should be studied in detail in future works.
    Print ISSN: 2169-9380
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-9402
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 128 (1997), S. 649-655 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of UV-A and UV-B radiation on photosynthesis of zooxanthellae within the siphonal mantle of the giant clam, Tridacna crocea, and in isolation were studied. While UV-B irradiation (2.4 W m−2, 20 min) completely suppressed photosynthesis of the isolated zooxanthellae, it had little effect on their photosynthetic ability if they were irradiated while within the siphonal mantle of the host tissue. Chemical analysis of the siphonal mantle of T. crocea showed the presence of significant amounts of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), which absorb UV-A and -B light. However, no MAA was detected in the isolated zooxanthellae. MAAs were concentrated in the siphonal mantle and kidney tissues in comparison with other tissues. In the siphonal mantle, MAA concentrations were the highest in the outermost surface layer where most of the zooxanthella cells resided. This indicates that the zooxanthellae are protected from UV radiation by a screen of concentrated MAAs in the host clam. Aside from T. crocea, significant amounts of MAAs were found not only in other zooxanthellate clams, such as T. derasa, Hippopus hippopus, Colculum cardissa and Fragum unedo, but also in a closely related azooxanthellate clam, Vasticardium subrugosum. On the other hand, no MAA was detected in any of the zooxanthellae from these zooxanthellate clams. No MAA was detected in the tissues of a deep-sea bivalve, Calyptogena soyoae. Although MAAs seem to block strong UV radiation in the shallow-water clam, they are probably not essential for the clam's life in the dark. MAAs in shallow-water clams may be derived from food and accumulated in their tissues, especially in the siphonal mantle and kidney.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 170 (1998), S. 331-338 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Barophilic bacteria ; Deep-sea ; Hydrostatic ; pressure ; Shewanella violacea ; Ryukyu Trench
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several barophilic Shewanella species have been isolated from deep-sea sediments at depths of 2,485– 6,499 m. From the results of taxonomic studies, all of these isolates have been identified as strains of Shewanella benthica except for strain DSS12. Strain DSS12 is a member of a novel, moderately barophilic Shewanella species isolated from the Ryukyu Trench at a depth of 5,110 m. On Marine Agar 2216 plates, this organism produced a violet pigment, whereas the colonies of other isolates (S. benthica) were rose-colored. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16 S ribosomal RNA gene sequences showed that strain DSS12 represents a separate lineage within the genus Shewanella that is closely related to S. benthica and particularly to the members of the Shewanella barophiles branch. The temperature range for growth and some of the biochemical characteristics indicate that strain DSS12 differs from other Shewanella species. Furthermore, strain DSS12 displayed a low level of DNA similarity to the Shewanella type strains. Based on these differences, it is proposed that strain DSS12 represents a new deep-sea Shewanella species. The name Shewanella violacea (JCM 10179) is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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