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  • 1
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    Ozone loss from quasi-conservative coordinate mapping during the 1999-2000 SOLVE/THESEO 2000 campaigns (2002)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical ResearchD20), 107, 8274 p.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Ozone observations made by the Airborne Raman Ozone, Temperature, and Aerosol Lidar(AROTEL) and Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) on board the NASA DC-8 aircraft, the NOAAin situ instrument on board the NASA ER-2 aircraft, and Third European Stratospheric Experimenton Ozone 2000 (THESEO 2000) ozonesondes are analyzed by applying a quasi-conservativecoordinate mapping technique. Measurements from the late winter/early spring SAGE III OzoneLoss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) period (January through March 2000) are incorporatedinto a time-varying composite field in a potential vorticity-potential temperature coordinate space;ozone loss rates are calculated both with and without diabatic effects. The average loss rate frommid-January to mid-March near the 450 K isentropic surface in the polar vortex is found to beapproximately 0.03 ppmv/d.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Validation of temperature measurements from the airborne Raman ozone temperature and aerosol lidar during SOLVE (2002)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research (D20), 107, 8286 p.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: The Airborne Raman Ozone, Temperature, and Aerosol Lidar (AROTEL) participatedin the recent SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) by providingprofiles of aerosols, polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), ozone, and temperature with highvertical and horizontal resolution. Temperatures were derived from just above the aircraftto ca. 60 km geometric altitude with a reported vertical resolution of ca. 0.6 km. Thehorizontal footprint varied from 4 to 70 km. This paper explores the measurementuncertainties associated with the temperature retrievals and makes comparisons withindependent, coincident measurements of temperature. Measurement uncertainties rangefrom 0.1 to ca. 4 K depending on altitude and integration time. Comparisons betweenAROTEL and balloon sonde temperatures retrieved under clear sky conditions using bothRayleigh and Raman scattered data showed AROTEL ca. 1 K colder than sonde values.Comparisons between AROTEL and the Meteorological Measurement System (MMS) onNASAs ER-2 show AROTEL being from 2 to 3 K colder for altitudes ranging from 14 to18 km. Temperature comparisons between AROTEL and the UK Met Offices modelshowed differences of ca. 1 K below ca. 25 km and a very strong cold bias of ca. 12 K ataltitudes between 30 and 35 km.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 3
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    Lidar temperature measurements during the SOLVE campaign and the absence of polar stratospheric clouds from regions of very cold air (2002)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research (D20), 107, 8297 p.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: NASA Goddard Space Flight Centers Airborne Raman Ozone, Temperature, andAerosol Lidar (AROTEL) measured extremely cold temperatures during all threedeployments (116 December 1999, 1429 January 2000, and 27 February to 15 March2000) of the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE). Temperatureswere significantly below values observed in previous years with large regions regularlybelow 191 K and frequent temperature retrievals yielding values at or below 187 K.Temperatures well below the saturation point of type I polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs)were regularly encountered, but their presence was not well correlated with PSCobservations made by NASA Langley Research Centers aerosol lidar colocated withAROTEL. Temperature measurements by meteorological sondes launched within areastraversed by the DC-8 showed minimum temperatures consistent in time and verticalextent with those derived from AROTEL data. Calculations to establish whether PSCscould exist at measured AROTEL temperatures and observed mixing ratios of nitric acidand water vapor showed large areas favorable to PSC formation but that were lackingPSCs. The flight on 12 December 1999 encountered large regions having temperatures upto 10 K below the NAT saturation temperature but only small, localized regions that mightbe identified as PSCs.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 4
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    An assessment of the ozone loss during the 1999-2000 SOLVE/THESEO 2000 Arctic campaign (2002)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical ResearchD20), 107, 8261 p.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Ozone observations from ozonesondes, the lidars aboard the DC-8, in situ ozonemeasurements from the ER-2, and satellite ozone measurements from Polar Ozone and AerosolMeasurement III (POAM) were used to assess ozone loss during the Sage III Ozone Loss andValidation Experiment (SOLVE) and Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone(THESEO) 1999-2000 Arctic campaign. Two methods of analysis were used. In the first method asimple regression analysis of the data time series is performed on the ozonesonde and POAMmeasurements within the vortex. In the second method the ozone measurements from all availableozone data were injected into a free-running diabatic trajectory model and were carried forward intime from 1 December to 15 March. Vortex ozone loss was then estimated by comparing the ozonevalues of those parcels initiated early in the campaign with those parcels injected later in thecampaign. Despite the variety of observational techniques used during SOLVE, the measurementsprovide a fairly consistent picture. Over the whole vortex the largest ozone loss occurs between550 and 400 K potential temperatures (~23-16 km) with over 1.5 ppmv (~55%) lost by 15 March,the end of the SOLVE mission period. An ozone loss rate of 0.04-0.05 ppmv/day was computed for15 March. The total column loss was between 44 and 57 DU or 11-15%. Ozonesondes launchedafter 15 March suggest that an additional 0.5 ppmv or more ozone was lost between 15 March and1 April.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthesis, photorespiration, and dark respiration in eight species of algae (1977)
    Springer
    Marine biology 39 (1977), S. 371-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rates of photosynthesis and dark respiration for 7 marine algae and 1 fresh-water alga were measured and compared. The dinoflagellates Glenodinium sp. and zooxanthellae have high dark respiration rates relative to photosynthetic rates, which may decrease their net growth rates. Photorespiration in the 8 algal species was studied by examining the effects of the concentration of oxygen on the rates of photosynthesis, on the incorporation of 14CO2 into the photorespiratory pathway intermediates glycine and serine, and on the postillumination burst of carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption. A combination of these results indicates that all the algae tested can photorespire, but that Glenodinium sp., Thalassiosira pseudonana, and zooxanthellae either have a photorespiratory pathway different from that proposed for freshwater algae (Tolbert, 1974), or an additional pathway for glycolate metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391940
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of oxygen and inorganic carbon concentrations on the photosynthetic quotients of marine algae (1981)
    Springer
    Marine biology 65 (1981), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic quotients of the marine prymnesiophyte Pavlova lutheri and the marine dinoflagellate Glenodinum sp. were measured at different concentrations of dissolved oxygen and inorganic carbon. Dissolved oxygen concentration appeared to be the most important factor controlling the photosynthetic quotient. Photosynthetic quotients generally were between 1.0 and 1.8 at oxygen concentrations less than saturation, were approximately 1.0 at oxygen saturation, and generally were from 0.1 to 1.0 at oxygen concentrations greater than saturation. The photosynthetic quotients greater than 1.0 were not caused by lipid synthesis. They may have been partially caused by the presence of KNO3 rather than an ammonium salt in the growth media. The lowered photosynthetic quotients at higher oxygen concentrations were probably caused by algal photorespiration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397114
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of carbon dioxide concentration on coral photosynthesis (1983)
    Springer
    Marine biology 75 (1983), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of inorganic carbon concentrations on photosynthetic oxygen evolution of isolated zooxanthellae and coral tips from the hermatypic coral Seriatopora hystrix were measured in the laboratory using an oxygen electrode. Whole coral colonies of Stylophora pistillata were examined in situ, using a bioassay respirometer. Inorganic carbon concentrations above 2.3 mM, the ambient concentration of reef water, generally did not stimulate photosynthesis. These results indicate that inorganic carbon is not limiting to coral photosynthesis and that respiratory carbon dioxide production by the coral host probably has little effect on the photosynthetic rates of its symbiotic zooxanthellae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405992
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lipid synthesis and extrusion by freshly isolated zooxanthellae (symbiotic algae) (1983)
    Springer
    Marine biology 75 (1983), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Zooxanthellae (symbiotic algae) from the same head of Stylophora pistillata were isolated at different times of the day over a period of 5 d and examined by phase contrast light microscopy. The percentage of isolated algal cells with extruding (blebbing) triglyceride droplets reached a maximum value of 11–13% between 14:00 and 19:00 hrs and exhibited a minimum value of 5–7% in the early morning. Wax esters were not synthesized by isolated algae. The diameter of the fat droplets varied from 〈1 μm to over 5 μm. Droplets appeared to originate within and were held next to the algal cell by the limiting outer membrane of the algal cell. Various stages of extrusion or sloughing of outer limiting membrane vesicles by the algal cells were observed. Although these spherical vesicles often contained fat droplets, their density was high enough that they often sedimented with the algal cells during gentle (1 000 g's) centrifugation. The percentage of freshly isolated cells undergoing division averaged 2% with a slightly higher value of 4% observed in the early morning. Microscopic evidence suggests that fat droplets and vesicles of outer limiting membrane from zooxanthellae are translocated into animal cells during coelenterate symbiosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405995
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of glutamine synthetase in ammonia assimilation by symbiotic marine dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) (1987)
    Springer
    Marine biology 94 (1987), S. 451-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dinoflagellate symbionts (zooxanthellae) present in many reef corals aid in the survival of the symbiotic unit in nitrogen deficient tropical waters by providing additional routes of nitrogen uptake and metabolism. The enzymatic pathway of ammonia assimilation from seawater and the re-assimilation of coral ammonium waste by zooxanthellae was studied by examining the affinity of glutamine synthetase for one of its substrates, ammonia. Glutamine synthetase activity was measured in dinoflagellates of the species Symbiodinium microadriaticum found in symbiotic association with various marine coelenterates. Michaelis-Menten kinetics for the substrate ammonia were determined for freshly isolated dinoflagellates from Condylactis gigantea (apparent NH3 Km=33 μM) and for cultured dinoflagellates from Zoanthus sociatus (apparent NH3 Km=60 μM). On the basis of the low apparent Kms for NH3, it appears that ammonia assimilation by these symbiotic dinoflagellates occurs via the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway. Additionally, the uptake of exogenous ammonium by an intact coelenterate-dinoflagellate symbiosis was strongly inhibited by 0.5 mM methionine sulfoximine, and inhibitor of glutamine synthetase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428252
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the metabolism of bicarbonate 14C and acetate 1-14C and the variability of species lipid compositions in reef corals (1983)
    Springer
    Marine biology 75 (1983), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Branching heads of symbiotic corals were pulse labeled with either 14C-acetate or 14C-bicarbonate for 1.33 h and the distribution and loss of label was then followed for 16d. The patterns of incorporation and washout were similar for both tracers. Non-solvent-extractable radioactivity (1/3 of the total) was divided into a CaCO3 and an organic fraction, both of which exhibited small if any decrease in radioactivity over 16d. In contrast, total solvent extractable (lipid) radioactivity (2/3 of the total) decreased during the washout period with the first half-life for bicarbonate at 2 d, the second at 4 d and the third could not be measured because of the persistence of a constant amount of radioactivity (18% of Day 1 value) from Day 8 to 16. Of the total retained activity, the zooxanthellae fraction contained between 8–18% from Day 1 to 5. The percentage of total animal (host) radioactivity in lipids rose from 35–40% at 0 time after tracer exposure to 70–90% at 60 min. The majority of 14C fixed into lipids was recovered in the fatty acyl moieties and not in the glycerol moiety as had been previously reported a number of times. These studies suggest that photosynthetically fixed carbon is immediately synthesized into lipid, which is translocated to the host. Analyses of the fatty acid compositions of triacylglycerols (TG) and wax esters (WE) of 40 species of coral from a small patch reef were made. In aposymbiotic species the absence of zooxanthellae appeared to be correlated with higher levels of total lipid, lower percentages of saturated fatty acids and lower TG/WE ratios than in species with symbionts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405994
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