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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Advances in Space Research 13 (1993), S. 291-294 
    ISSN: 0273-1177
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2015-05-02
    Description: Broad emission features of abundant chemical elements, such as iron, are commonly seen in the X-ray spectra of accreting compact objects and their studies can provide useful information about the geometry of the accretion processes. In this work, we focus our attention on GX 3+1, a bright, persistent accreting low-mass X-ray binary, classified as an atoll source. Its spectrum is well described by an accretion disc plus a stable Comptonizing, optically thick corona which dominates the X-ray emission in the 0.3–20 keV energy band. In addition, four broad emission lines are found and we associate them with reflection of hard photons from the inner regions of the accretion disc, where Doppler and relativistic effects are important. We used self-consistent reflection models to fit the spectra of the 2010 XMM–Newton observation and the stacking of the whole data sets of 2010 INTEGRAL observations. We conclude that the spectra are consistent with reflection produced at ~10 gravitational radii by an accretion disc with an ionization parameter of  ~ 600 erg cm s –1 and viewed under an inclination angle of the system of ~35°. Furthermore, we detected for the first time for GX 3+1, the presence of a power-law component dominant at energies higher than 20 keV, possibly associated with an optically thin component of non-thermal electrons.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-01-02
    Description: We report the detection of a possible gamma-ray counterpart of the accreting millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658. The analysis of ~6 yr of data from the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi gamma-ray Space Telescope ( Fermi -LAT) within a region of 15° radius around the position of the pulsar reveals a point gamma-ray source detected at a significance of ~6 (test statistic TS = 32), with a position compatible with that of SAX J1808.4–3658 within the 95 per cent confidence level. The energy flux in the energy range between 0.6 and 10 GeV amounts to (2.1 ± 0.5) x 10 –12  erg cm –2  s –1 and the spectrum is represented well by a power-law function with photon index 2.1 ± 0.1. We searched for significant variation of the flux at the spin frequency of the pulsar and for orbital modulation, taking into account the trials due to the uncertainties in the position, the orbital motion of the pulsar and the intrinsic evolution of the pulsar spin. No significant deviation from a constant flux at any time-scale was found, preventing a firm identification via time variability. Nonetheless, the association of the LAT source as the gamma-ray counterpart of SAX J1808.4–3658 would match the emission expected from the millisecond pulsar, if it switches on as a rotation-powered source during X-ray quiescence.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-09-14
    Description: We report on the discovery and energy dependence of hard phase lags in the 2.14 Hz pulsed profiles of GRO J1744–28. We used data from XMM–Newton and NuSTAR . We were able to well constrain the lag spectrum with respect to the softest (0.3–2.3 keV) band: the delay shows increasing lag values reaching a maximum delay of ~12 ms, between 6 and 6.4 keV. After this maximum, the value of the hard lag drops to ~7 ms, followed by a recovery to a plateau at ~9 ms for energies above 8 keV. NuSTAR data confirm this trend up to 30 keV, but the measurements are statistically poorer, and therefore, less constraining. The lag-energy pattern up to the discontinuity is well described by a logarithmic function. Assuming this is due to a Compton reverberation mechanism, we derive a size for the Compton cloud R cc  ~ 120 R g , consistent with previous estimates on the magnetospheric radius. In this scenario, the sharp discontinuity at ~6.5 keV appears difficult to interpret and suggests the possible influence of the reflected component in this energy range. We therefore propose the possible coexistence of both Compton and disc reverberation to explain the scale of the lags and its energy dependence.
    Print ISSN: 1745-3925
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-3933
    Topics: Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2015-04-15
    Description: The bursting pulsar , GRO J1744–28, went again in outburst after ~18 yr of quiescence in 2014 mid-January. We studied the broad-band, persistent, X-ray spectrum using X-ray data from a XMM–Newton observation, performed almost at the peak of the outburst, and from a close INTEGRAL observation, performed 3 d later, thus covering the 1.3–70.0 keV band. The spectrum shows a complex continuum shape that cannot be modelled with standard high-mass X-ray pulsar models, nor by two-components models. We observe broad-band and peaked residuals from 4 to 15 keV, and we propose a self-consistent interpretation of these residuals, assuming they are produced by cyclotron absorption features and by a moderately smeared, highly ionized, reflection component. We identify the cyclotron fundamental at ~4.7 keV, with hints for two possible harmonics at ~10.4 and ~15.8 keV. The position of the cyclotron fundamental allows an estimate for the pulsar magnetic field of (5.27 ± 0.06) 10 11  G, if the feature is produced at its surface. From the dynamical and relativistic smearing of the disc reflected component, we obtain a lower limit estimate for the truncated accretion disc inner radius (100  R g ) and for the inclination angle (18°–48°). We also detect the presence of a softer thermal component that we associate with the emission from an accretion disc truncated at a distance from the pulsar of 50–115  R g . From these estimates, we derive the magnetospheric radius for disc accretion to be ~0.2 times the classical Alfvén radius for radial accretion.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-02-20
    Description: We analysed a 115-ks XMM–Newton observation and the stacking of 8 d of INTEGRAL observations, taken during the raise of the 2015 outburst of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1748.9–2021. The source showed numerous type-I burst episodes during the XMM–Newton observation, and for this reason we studied separately the persistent and burst epochs. We described the persistent emission with a combination of two soft thermal components, a cold thermal Comptonization component (~2 keV) and an additional hard X-ray emission described by a power law ( ~ 2.3). The continuum components can be associated with an accretion disc, the neutron star (NS) surface and a thermal Comptonization emission coming out of an optically thick plasma region, while the origin of the high-energy tail is still under debate. In addition, a number of broad ( = 0.1–0.4 keV) emission features likely associated with reflection processes have been observed in the XMM–Newton data. The estimated 1.0–50 keV unabsorbed luminosity of the source is ~5 x 10 37  erg s –1 , about 25 per cent of the Eddington limit assuming a 1.4 M NS. We suggest that the spectral properties of SAX J1748.9–2021 are consistent with a soft state, differently from many other accreting X-ray millisecond pulsars which are usually found in the hard state. Moreover, none of the observed type-I burst reached the Eddington luminosity. Assuming that the burst ignition and emission are produced above the whole NS surface, we estimate an NS radius of ~7–8 km, consistent with previous results.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2014-11-01
    Description: When the EPIC-pn instrument on board XMM–Newton is operated in Timing mode, high count rates (〉100 counts s –1 ) of bright sources may affect the calibration of the energy scale, resulting in a modification of the real spectral shape. The corrections related to this effect are then strongly important in the study of the spectral properties. Tests of these calibrations are more suitable in sources which spectra are characterized by a large number of discrete features. Therefore, in this work, we carried out a spectral analysis of the accreting neutron star GX 13+1, which is a dipping source with several narrow absorption lines and a broad emission line in its spectrum. We tested two different correction approaches on an XMM–Newton EPIC-pn observation taken in Timing mode: the standard rate-dependent charge transfer inefficiency (RDCTI or epfast ) and the new, rate-dependent pulse height amplitude (RDPHA) corrections. We found that, in general, the two corrections marginally affect the properties of the overall broad-band continuum, while hints of differences in the broad emission line spectral shape are seen. On the other hand, they are dramatically important for the centroid energy of the absorption lines. In particular, the RDPHA corrections provide a better estimate of the spectral properties of these features than the RDCTI corrections. Indeed the discrete features observed in the data, applying the former method, are physically more consistent with those already found in other Chandra and XMM–Newton observations of GX 13+1.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-04-06
    Description: Iron emission lines at 6.4–6.97 keV, identified with Kα radiative transitions, are among the strongest discrete features in the X-ray band. These are one of the most powerful probes to infer the properties of the plasma in the innermost part of the accretion disc around a compact object. In this paper, we present a recent Suzaku observation, 100-ks effective exposure, of the atoll source and X-ray burster 4U 1705–44, where we clearly detect signatures of a reflection component which is distorted by the high-velocity motion in the accretion disc. The reflection component consists of a broad iron line at about 6.4 keV and a Compton bump at high X-ray energies, around 20 keV. All these features are consistently fitted with a reflection model, and we find that in the hard state the smearing parameters are remarkably similar to those found in a previous XMM–Newton observation performed in the soft state. In particular, we find that the inner disc radius is R in  = 17 ± 5 R g (where R g is the gravitational radius, GM / c 2 ), the emissivity dependence from the disc radius is r –2.5 ± 0.5 , the inclination angle with respect to the line of sight is i  = 43° ± 5°, and the outer radius of the emitting region in the disc is R out  〉 200 R g . We note that the accretion disc does not appear to be truncated at large radii, although the source is in a hard state at ~3 per cent of the Eddington luminosity for a neutron star. We also find evidence of a broad emission line at low energies, at 3.03 ± 0.03 keV, compatible with emission from mildly ionized argon (Ar XVI–XVII). Argon transitions are not included in the self-consistent reflection models that we used and we therefore added an extra component to our model to fit this feature. The low-energy line appears compatible with being smeared by the same inner disc parameters found for the reflection component.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2016-04-23
    Description: We report on the timing analysis of the 2015 outburst of the intermittent accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1748.9–2021 observed on March 4 by the X-ray satellite XMM–Newton . By phase connecting the time of arrivals of the observed pulses, we derived the best-fitting orbital solution for the 2015 outburst. We investigated the energy pulse profile dependence finding that the pulse fractional amplitude increases with energy while no significant time lags are detected. Moreover, we investigated the previous outbursts from this source, finding previously undetected pulsations in some intervals during the 2010 outburst of the source. Comparing the updated set of orbital parameters, in particular the value of the time of passage from the ascending node, with the orbital solutions reported from the previous outbursts, we estimated for the first time the orbital period derivative corresponding with $\dot{P}_{{\rm orb}}=(1.1\pm 0.3)\times 10^{-10}$  s s –1 . We note that this value is significant at 3.5 confidence level, because of significant fluctuations with respect to the parabolic trend and more observations are needed in order to confirm the finding. Assuming the reliability of the result, we suggest that the large value of the orbital-period derivative can be explained as a result of a highly non-conservative mass transfer driven by emission of gravitational waves, which implies the ejection of matter from a region close to the inner Lagrangian point. We also discuss possible alternative explanations.
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  • 10
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