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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 10 (1971), S. 4323-4330 
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 269-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil pollution monitoring ; Heavy metals Soil microbial biomass ; Microbial activity ; Microbial specific activity ; Sewage sludge ; Atmospheric deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microbial parameters appear very useful in monitoring soil pollution by heavy metals, but no single microbial parameter can be used universally. Microbial activities such as respiration, C and N mineralization, biological N2 fixation, and some soil enzymes can be measured, as can the total soil microbial biomass. Combining microbial activity and population measurements (e.g., biomass specific respiration) appears to provide more sensitive indications of soil pollution by heavy metals than either activity or population measurements alone. Parameters that have some form of “internal control”, e.g., biomass as a percentage of soil organic matter, are also advantageous. By using such approaches it might be possible to determine whether the natural ecosystem is being altered by pollutants without recource to expensive and long-running field experiments. However, more data are needed before this will be possible. Finally, new applications of molecular biology to soil pollution studies (e.g., genetic fingerprinting) which may also have value in the future are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The similarity in the properties of the antibiotics from these two widely divergent sources suggested that they might indeed be related in structure, and, in the interval, some progress4 had been made with the study of the chemistry of the antibiotic obtained from B. pumilus, which had been found ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 192 (1961), S. 1081-1082 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We now wish to present preliminary evidence that alkylation of guanine nucleosides or other 9-substi-tuted guanines at N(7) results in an immediate change in the molecular structure of these bases at neutral pEL in that part of the molecule involved in hydrogen-bonding as required by the ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    BBA Section Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis 157 (1968), S. 646-648 
    ISSN: 0005-2787
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    BBA Section Nucleic Acids And Protein Synthesis 155 (1968), S. 521-535 
    ISSN: 0005-2787
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects 21 (1973), S. 107-118 
    ISSN: 0165-1161
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 49 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In experiments in lysimeters of sandy soil chlordane was transported in water flows only when sorbed on suspended soil material. A chlordane ‘concentration’ was calculated by dividing this sorbed chlordane by the volume of the water sample in which the suspended matter was carried. In all but one lysimeter the first peak in this ‘concentration’ appeared in the drainage well ahead of the first peak in the concentration of bromide applied at the same time as the chlordane. Chlordane also persisted in the drainage for less time than bromide. The transport of chlordane was most closely associated with that of the largest category of suspended soil material (〉 1.2 μm), possibly because that category contained the most organic matter. It was not associated with the transport of colloidal matter for either of the two possible size limits applied to the latter (〈 0.22 μm or 〈 0.45 μm). In the lysimeters to which pig slurry was applied the evidence that it enhanced the transport of chlordane was limited and equivocal; the chlordane was probably sorbed strongly by the soil's organic matter before the slurry was applied. The application of chlordane was 100 times greater than in normal agricultural practice and it was followed by a substantial volume of water. Nevertheless, only 0.00002% of it was transported from the lysimeters, and its ‘concentration’, calculated as above, never exceeded the EU limit of 0.1 μg1−1 for any one pesticide.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 56 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of past applications of farmyard manure (FYM, applied from 1942 to 1967), metal-contaminated sewage sludge (applied from 1942 to 1961) and mineral fertilizer (NPK, applied from 1942 until now) on the microbial biomass and community structure in a sandy loam, arable soil from the Woburn Market Garden Experiment, UK, were investigated in 1998. Concentrations of Cu, Ni and Zn in soils which previously received sewage sludge were less than current European Union (EU) limits, but the soil Cd concentration was more than twice the permitted limit. Organic-C concentration in the FYM-treated soil and contaminated soils was about twice that of NPK-treated soil. The initial microbial biomass-C and estimates of total bacterial numbers by acridine orange direct count were significantly (P 〈 0.05) greater in the FYM-treated soil compared with the NPK-treated and the most contaminated soils. Total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentration (another measure of biomass) was significantly greater in the FYM-treated soil compared with either the low or high metal-contaminated soils, both of which contained similar PLFA concentrations. In the metal-contaminated soils, in contrast, fluorescent Pseudomonas counts, as a percentage of total plate counts, were at least 1.5 times greater than in the uncontaminated soils. The concentrations of these microbial parameters were significantly (P 〈 0.05) less in the NPK soil than in all the other treatments. Biomass-C as a percentage of organic-C was also significantly (P 〈 0.05) greater in the uncontaminated soils compared with the metal-contaminated soils. Biomass specific respiration rates in the metal-contaminated soils were c. 1.5 times those in the FYM-treated soil. In the metal-contaminated soils, the concentration of mono-unsaturated and hydroxy-fatty acids (derived from phospholipids), and lipopolysaccharide hydroxy-fatty acids (all indicative of Gram-negative bacteria) were significantly (P 〈 0.05) greater than branched fatty acids (indicative of Gram-positive bacteria). Furthermore, Gram-negative counts were 62–68% greater than Gram-positive counts in the metal-contaminated soils. Branched fatty acid concentration was significantly (P 〈 0.05) greater in the FYM-treated soil than in the metal-contaminated soils. Gram-positive counts were also 63% greater than Gram-negative counts in the FYM-treated soil. We found that effects of the relatively small heavy metal concentration caused measurable decreases in soil microbial biomass-C concentrations, acridine orange direct counts and Gram-positive counts. There were also increases in biomass specific respiration rates, and the microbial community had changed substantially, nearly 40 years after the metal inputs ceased. We conclude that, at the very least, the current EU permitted limits for heavy metals in agricultural soils should not be relaxed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 52 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The colloid-facilitated transport of pesticides and other pollutants to groundwaters is a source of concern to authorities in the European Union and other countries. It has been suggested that colloids are good sorbents for pesticides and other pollutants, and it is now suspected that the spreading of animal manures increases the potential for colloid-facilitated transport. In experiments in lysimeters of sandy soil to which phosphate, triallate, chlordane and bromide were applied to the surface, the first concentration peaks of the other chemicals always appeared before that of bromide, suggesting that their transport was facilitated by colloidal or suspended soil material. Chlordane was transported only when sorbed on suspended soil material and was associated most closely with the coarsest of suspended material (〉 1.2 μm), possibly because it contained the most organic matter. Phosphate was also associated with this class but probably because of the clay it contained. Applying pig slurry to the soil significantly increased the loss of triallate from the lysimeters but not that of chlordane, probably because the latter was held strongly by the soil's organic matter. The loss of triallate was not associated with that of any of the size classes of suspended soil material, which may imply that it was transported in association with dissolved or colloidal organic matter. Neither the pig slurry nor an equivalent amount of inorganic phosphate significantly increased the loss of phosphate. The amounts of triallate and chlordane applied were 100 times the standard agricultural applications, but the largest concentration of chlordane measured was still less than the European Union limit of 0.1 μg l−1. That of triallate was greater than the limit but would almost certainly have been less than it with the standard application. The greatest cumulative losses of phosphate, triallate and chlordane were, respectively, 1%, 0.003% and 0.00002% of the amounts applied. All the results suggest there is only a very small pollution risk to groundwaters from the pesticides and phosphate.
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