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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-08-12
    Description: Taeniid cestodes (including the human parasites Echinococcus spp. and Taenia solium ) have very few mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in their genome, despite lacking a canonical PIWI pathway. The MGEs of these parasites are virtually unexplored, and nothing is known about their expression and silencing. In this work, we report the discovery of a novel family of small nonautonomous long terminal repeat retrotransposons (also known as terminal-repeat retrotransposons in miniature, TRIMs) which we have named ta-TRIM (taeniid TRIM). ta-TRIM s are only the second family of TRIM elements discovered in animals, and are likely the result of convergent reductive evolution in different taxonomic groups. These elements originated at the base of the taeniid tree and have expanded during taeniid diversification, including after the divergence of closely related species such as Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus . They are massively expressed in larval stages, from a small proportion of full-length copies and from isolated terminal repeats that show transcriptional read-through into downstream regions, generating novel noncoding RNAs and transcriptional fusions to coding genes. In E. multilocularis , ta-TRIM s are specifically expressed in the germinative cells (the somatic stem cells) during asexual reproduction of metacestode larvae. This would provide a developmental mechanism for insertion of ta-TRIM s into cells that will eventually generate the adult germ line. Future studies of active and inactive ta-TRIM elements could give the first clues on MGE silencing mechanisms in cestodes.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1968-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-0935
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-2048
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Gene 118 (1992), S. 121-125 
    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: Recombinant DNA ; genetic complementation ; hybrid enzyme formation ; metalloenzyme ; oxidative stress ; paraquat ; pathogenic bacteria
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Microelectronic Engineering 9 (1989), S. 143-146 
    ISSN: 0167-9317
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Planta 79 (1968), S. 324-345 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Kationenaustausch-kapazität (KAK) von geringen Sphagnum-Einwaagen (50–100 mg Trockengewicht) beschrieben. Sie eignet sich gut für Messungen mit Calcium. 2. Ästchen und Stämmchen von Sphagnum magellanicum haben, auf das Trockengewicht bezogen, eine sehr unterschiedliche KAK. 3. Die nach dem angegebenen Verfahren ermittelte KAK beträt für die einwertigen Ionen Na+ und K+ 11,7 mäquiv/100 g Sphagnum und für die zweiwertigen Ionen Ca++ und Mg++ 23,3 mäquiv/100 g Sphagnum. 4. Liegen ein-und zweiwertige Kationen in gleicher Normalität im Gemisch vor, so wird von den einwertigen nur ca. 1/7–1/40 der aus Einsalzlösungen aufgenommenen Kationen eingetauscht, während die Aufnahme des zweiwertigen Ions nur geringfügig abnimmt. 5. Die KAK steigt, wenn bei konstantem Lösungsvolumen die Sphagnum-Einwaage verringert wird oder wenn man bei konstanter Sphagnum-Menge das Volumen der Salzlösung von gleichbleibendem Gesamtgehalt erhöht. 6. Totes und lebendes Sphagnum zeigen identisches Kationenaustauschvermögen. 7. Es werden zwei Methoden zur Differenzierung des Gesamtkationengehaltes der Sphagnen in die Anteile des anhaftenden Wassers, des Austauschers und des Zellinnern erarbeitet. 8. Sphagnum-Material vom natürlichen Standort (extreme Witterungsbedingungen ausgenommen) enthält K und Na überwiegend im Zellinnern, Mg sowohl im Zellinnern als auch am Austauscher und Ca vorwiegend am Austauscher. 9. Lebende Sphagnen vermögen ihren Innengehalt an Kationen trotz stark wechselnder Gehalte des anhaftenden Wassers und des Austauschers offenbar relativ konstant zu halten.
    Notes: Summary 1. A method is given for the determination of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of small quantities of Sphagnum material (50–100 mg of dry weight, dead material). The method is especially suitable for measurements with bivalent cations. 2. Branches and stems of Sphagnum plants have very different CEC. 3. Under the given conditions the CEC is 11,7 mequiv/100 g of Sphagnum for the monovalent cations Na+ and K+ and 23,3 mequiv/100 g of Sphagnum for the bivalent cations Ca++ and Mg++. 4. When mono-and bivalent cations are mixed (both 0.01 N), the CEC of the monovalent cation decreases to 1/7–1/40 of the CEC in pure monovalent solution; the CEC of the bivalent cation decreases only very little. 5. The CEC increases with decreasing amounts of Sphagnum in a constant volume of salt-solution; on the other hand it increases with decreasing volumes of salt solution containing a constant amount of Sphagnum. 6. Dead and living material have the same CEC (referred to dry weight). 7. Two methods are given for the separation of the total cation contents of living Sphagnum into the contents of the adherent water, of the cation exchanger and of the living cell. 8. Living Sphagnum contains most of the K+ and Na+ within the cells, Mg++ partly in the cells, partly in the exchanger, and most of the Ca++ in the exchanger. 9. Living Sphagnum seems to be able to keep the cation contents of the cells rather constant even when the contents of the adherent water and of the exchanger are varying widely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: 95.30.C ; 97.10.C ; 25.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The absolute average cross section 〈σ〉 of the14N(n, p)14C reaction has been measured using neutron spectra that closely resemble Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions with thermal energies of kT=25.0 and 52.4 keV: 〈σ〉=0.81±0.05 and 0.52±0.06 mb, respectively. The resulting reaction rates are nearly the same at T9=0.29 and 0.61, and their average, NA〈συ〉=(1.3±0.1)×105 cm3 s−1 mol−1, is about a factor of three smaller than the previously adopted values obtained by extrapolation between thermal and higher-energy data. Thus, the14N(n, p)14C reaction plays a correspondingly smaller role as a neutron poison fors-process nucleosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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