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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Mg-skarns enclosed in dunite cumulates of the Neo-Proterozoic Ioko-Dovyren intrusion (northern Baikal region, Russia) can be traced to silica-poor dolomitic host rock layers. The dominant minerals of the skarns are brucite (pseudomorph after periclase), forsterite and Cr-poor spinel. Rapid heating of quartz-poor dolomitic xenoliths led to the formation of minor olivine, followed by the breakdown of dolomite to calcite and periclase. Xenoliths were partially melted upon further heating resulting in a calcite melt. This low-density melt was quantitatively squeezed out, mixed with the surrounding mafic magma and left behind periclase and olivine. This caused the crystallization of new olivine with elevated CaO contents in zones above skarn-bearing horizons. Mixing of calcite melt with the surrounding mafic magma also resulted in the crystallization of Cats-rich clinopyroxene instead of plagioclase. The mineralogy of contaminated dunite cumulates is consistent with assimilation of approximately 4wt% CaO by the Ioko-Dovyren mafic magma.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 53 (1995), S. 155-164 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Baddeleyit vom Palabora Igneous Complex, Südafrika, gehört zu den reinsten natürlichen Vorkommen von ZrO2. Dies wurde durch Analysen mit verschiedenen Methoden wie Mikrosonde, Neutronenaktivierung, Funken- und Thermionenmassenspektrometrie bestätigt. HfO2 ist mit 1.87 die einzige andere Hauptkomponente, auch die Konzentrationen der anderen HFSE sind relativ hoch im Vergleich zu den anderen Elementen, die nur wenige ppm erreichen. Die REE bilden ein U-förmiges Muster, das als Ausdruck einer stark LREE angereicherten Komponente im Ausgangsgestein gedeutet wird. Das hohe87Sr/86Sr-Initialverhältnis von 0.713085 und das negative ɛNdt von -10.7 belegen, daß diese Komponente über einen langen Zeitraum vor der Bildung des Palabora Igneous Complex angereichert gewesen war. Diese Daten deuten an, daβ der Baddeleyit aus einem Magma kristallisierte, das aus einem angereicherten Mantelreservoir stammte, ähnlich dem, das bei der Bildung der Gruppe 11 Kimberlite beteiligt war.
    Notes: Summary Baddeleyite from Palabora Igneous Complex, South Africa, is among the purest natural ZrO2 phases. This has been demonstrated by using various methods, i.e. microprobe, neutron activation, spark source and thermal ion mass spectrometry. HfO2 with 1.87% is the only other major component. The concentrations of other HFSE are also relatively high, compared to most other elements, that reach only a few ppm. The REE display a U-shaped pattern that is interpreted to be superimposed by a strongly LREE enriched source component. The high87Sr/86Sr initial of 0.713085 and the negative ɛNdt of −10.7 prove that this component was LILE enriched for a long time prior to the formation of the Palabora Igneous Complex. These data indicate that the baddeleyite crystallized from a magma which was derived from an enriched mantle reservoir, similar to that involved in the formation of group II kimberlites.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Dumont Sill ist eine komatiitische Intrusion, die von Duke (1986) in eine mafische (MZ) und eine ultramafische (UMZ) Zone untergliedert wurde. Die UMZ setzt sich aus einer oberen (UPZ) und einer unteren (LPZ) peridotitischen Subzone, die aus Olivinund Chromft-Kumulaten besteht, und einer dunitischen Subzone (DZ), zwischen diese beiden eingeschaltet, zusammen. Letztere besteht aus Olivin- und Sulfid-Kumulaten. Drei sulfidreiche Lagen innerhalb der DZ sind durch anomal hohe Gehalte an Ni, Cu, S und Se (Ni ≤ 0.95 Gew. %, Cu ≤ 0.07 Gew. %, S ≤ 1.0 Gew. %, Se ≤ 2.7 ppm) charakterisiert. Erhöhte Gehalte an Edelmetallen (Au ≤ 31.5 ppb, Pd ≤ 210 ppb, Pt ≤ 180 ppb, Ir ≤ 8.4 ppb, Os ≤ 6 ppb) sind ebenfalls an diese Lagen gebunden. Unvererzte Proben enthalten 〈 3–8 ppb Pd, 1–20 ppb Pt, 0.2–3.6 ppb Au, 0.5–6 ppb Ir und ≤ 1–6 ppb Os. Proben aus der LPZ und UPZ und solche aus dem Hangenden und Liegenden der Mineralisationshorizonte zeigen relativ hohe Ir-Gehalte; im allgemeinen zwischen 2.9 und 4.4 ppb. Im Gegensatz dazu sind die Ir-Gehalte sulfidfreier Proben unmittelbar über vererzten Lagen deutlich erniedrigt; sie variieren zwischen 0.1–1.5 ppb. Diese an Ir verarmte Zone entspricht einer Zone nickelarmer Olivine und Sulfide, die unmittelbar oberhalb der sulfidreichen Horizonte in der DZ kristallisierten (Duke, 1986). Es wird vermutet, daß die Ir- und Ni-Abreicherung in den Kumulaten, die oberhalb und zwischen den sulfid-reichen Zonen liegen, mit den niedrigeren Ir- und Ni-Gehalten der Olivinen zusammenhängt. Die Olivine kristallisierten aus einem Silikatmagma, von dem sich bereits eine Sulfidschmelze abgeschieden hatte. Soferne metallische Verbindungen die Ir- und Os-Verteilung in der DZ kontrollieren, würde die Ir-Abreicherung in den Kumulaten oberhalb des Erzhorizontes auf ein Ende der Kristallisation einer metallischen Phase hinweisen. Dieser Fall könnte eintreten, sobald durch die Ausscheidung von Sulfiden, die Ir-Konzentration in der silikatischen Schmelze unter die Löslichkeitsgrenze der Metallphase fällt. Die Sulfidvererzung bildete sich wahrscheinlich infolge von fraktionierter kristallisation einer Sulfid/Oxidschmelze, da die PGE Konzentrationen der Sulfidschmelze, und das PGE/S Verhältnis vom Liegenden zum Hangenden hin in den mineralisierten Horizonten abnehmen. Duke (1986) schlug ein Modell vor, in dem die Sulfid-Sättigung der silikatischen Schmelze durch eine Vermischung eines komatiitischen Magmas mit einer fraktionierten, interstitialen, aus den Kumulaten ausgequetschten Schmelze erklärt wird. Die Sulfidausfällung an der Basis der Magmenkammer scheint ein lokal recht begrenztes Phänomen gewesen zu sein, die niedrige R-Faktoren bedingt. Die geringfügige PGE-Anreicherung in den Sulfidlagen des Dumont Sills und die schmale Zone der Ir-Abreicherung unmittelbar oberhalb dieser sulfidischen Zone stehen mit diesen vorgeschlagenen Prozessen im Einklang.
    Notes: Summary The Dumont Sill is an Archaean komatiitic intrusion, whichDuke (1986) subdivided into a mafic (MZ) and ultramafic zone (UMZ). The UMZ comprises an upper (UPZ) and a lower peridotite subzone (LPZ) consisting of olivine + chromite cumulates and a dunite subzone (DZ) between them, consisting of olivine ± sulfide cumulates. Three sulfide-rich layers in the DZ are delineated by anomalously high Ni, Cu, S and Se concentrations (Ni ≤ 0.95 wt %, Cu ≤ 0.07 wt.%, S ≤ 1.0 wt.%, Se ≤ 2.7 ppm). They also contain elevated contents of noble metals (Au ≤ 31.5 ppb, Pd ≤ 210 ppb, Pt ≤180 ppb, Ir ≤ 8.4 ppb, Os ≤ 6 ppb). Unmineralized samples contain ≤ 3–8 ppb Pd, 1–20 ppb Pt, 0.2–3.6 ppb Au, 0.5–6 ppb Ir, and ≤ 1–6 ppb Os. Samples belonging to the LPZ and UPZ and lying above and beneath the mineralized horizons have rather high Ir contents, generally between 2.9 to 4.4 ppb. In contrast, Ir contents of sulfide-free samples from the DZ and UPZ which lie immediately above the mineralized zones have significantly lower Ir concentrations, ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 ppb. This zone of Ir depletion coincides with a zone of Ni-depleted olivine and sulfide which crystallized just above sulfide-rich horizons in the DZ (Duke, 1986). It is suggested that Ir and Ni depletion in cumulates which lie between or above sulfide-rich zones are due to the lower Ir and Ni contents in olivine which crystallized from a silicate magma from which a sulfide liquid had already been segregated. Alternatively, if metal alloys control the distribution of Ir and Os in the DZ, the Ir depletion in the cumulates above the ore' horizons implies that crystallization of the metal phase ceased. This would be the case if, due to the segregation of sulfides, the Ir concentration in the silicate liquid falls below the solubility limit of the metal phase. The sulfide mineralization probably formed by fractional segregation of a sulfide/ oxide liquid, as the PGE concentrations in the sulfide liquid and PGE/Se, or PGE/S ratios tend to decrease from the bottom to the top in the mineralized zones.Duke (1986) proposed that sulfide saturation was caused by mixing of primitive komatiite magma with fractionated interstitial liquid, which was squeezed out of the cumulate pile. Sulfide segregation at the floor of the magma chamber is likely to have been a very localized event implying low R-factors. The small PGE-enrichment in the sulfide horizons of the Dumont Sill and the narrow zones of Ir-depletion just above the sulfide zones are consistent with the proposed process.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In September-November 1994, the Ocean Drilling Program Leg 158 drilled a series of holes into a large hydrothermally active mound in the TAG hydrothermal field located at a water depth of 3,650 m on the eastern side of the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 26° 08' ...
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2008-03-01
    Print ISSN: 1028-334X
    Electronic ISSN: 1531-8354
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1991-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0020-6814
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2839
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Taylor & Francis
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2015-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1342-937X
    Electronic ISSN: 1878-0571
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2006-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0016-7037
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-9533
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1987-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-03-23
    Description: For reconstructing environmental change in terrestrial realms the geochemistry of fossil bioapatite in bones and teeth is among the most promising applications. This study demonstrates that alkaline earth elements in enamel of Hippopotamids, in particular Ba and Sr are tracers for water provenance and hydrochemistry. The studied specimens are molar teeth from Hippopotamids found in modern and fossil lacustrine settings of the Western Branch of the East African Rift system (Lake Kikorongo, Lake Albert, and Lake Malawi) and from modern fluvial environments of the Nile River. Concentrations in enamel vary by ca. two orders of magnitude for Ba (120–9336 μg g−1) as well as for Sr (9–2150 μg g−1). Concentration variations in enamel are partly induced during post-mortem alteration and during amelogenesis, but the major contribution originates from the variable water chemistry in the habitats of the Hippopotamids which is dominated by the lithologies and weathering processes in the watershed areas. Amelogenesis causes a distinct distribution of Ba and Sr in modern and fossil enamel, in that element concentrations increase along profiles from the outer rim towards the enamel-dentin junction by a factor of 1.3–1.5. These elements are well correlated with MgO and Na2O in single specimens, thus suggesting that their distribution is determined by a common, single process. Presuming that the shape of the tooth is established at the end of the secretion process and apatite composition is in equilibrium with the enamel fluid, the maturation process can be modeled by closed system Rayleigh crystallization. Enamel from many Hippopotamid specimens has Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca which are typical for herbivores, but the compositions extend well into the levels of plants and carnivores. Within enamel from single specimens these element ratios covary and provide a specific fingerprint of the Hippopotamid habitat. All specimens together, however, define subparallel trends with different Ba/Sr ranging from 0.1 to 3. This ratio varies on spatial and temporal scales and traces provenance signals as well as the fractionation of the elements in the hydrological cycle. Thus, Sr concentrations and Ba/Sr in enamel differentiate between habitats having basaltic or Archean crustal rocks as the ultimate sources of Sr and Ba. The provenance signal is modulated by climate change. In Miocene to Pleistocene enamel from the Lake Albert region, Ba/Sr decreases systematically with time from about 2 to 0.5. This trend can be correlated with changes in climate from humid to arid in vegetation from C3 to C4 biomass as well as with increasing evaporation of the lake water. The most plausible explanation is that with time, Ba mobility decreased relative to that of Sr. This can arise if preferential adsorption of Ba to clay and Fe-oxide-hydroxide is related to increasing aridification. Additionally, weathering solutions and lake water can become increasingly alkaline and barite becomes stable. In this case, Ba will be preferentially deposited on the watershed of Lake Albert and rivers with low Ba/Sr will feed the habitats of the Hippopotamids.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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