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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomes of syrphidae (1964)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 15 (1964), S. 579-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319992
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomes of Syrphidae (1966)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 19 (1966), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report describes the karyotypes of five species of the tribe Sericomyiini (Diptera, Syrphidae). The five species are: Sericomyia chalcopyga Lw. (2n=12), S. chrysotoxoides Mq. (2n=10), S. lata (Coq.) (2n = 12), S. militaris Walker (2n=12) and S. sp. 1 (2n=10). Polytene chromosomes of Arctophila flagrans O. S. are illustrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333046
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomes of Syrphidae (1967)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 22 (1967), S. 417-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this report the karyotypes of 54 species of the tribe Milesiini and of four species of the tribe Myoleptini are described in detail with illustrations and idiograms. These species belong in the genera Lejota, Myolepta, Blera, Calliprobola, Criorhina, Hadromyia, Milesia, Somula, Sphecomyia, Spilomyia, Syritta, Temnostoma, Tropidia and Xylota. Six species have 2n = 8 chromosomes, 35 have 2n = 10 (including Xylota nemorum which has about 20 extra microchromosomes in some specimens), 15 have 2n = 12, one has 2n = 14, and Somula decora has 2n = 10 large chromosomes plus about eight microchromosomes. The mean total complement length (TCL) for 347 complements analysed in these tribes was 53.7 μ but there is great variation between TCL's of complements analysed even from a single fly. Karyotypes of species of Myolepta in the Myoleptini resemble in certain respects those of species of Tropidia in the Milesiini. Our observations support Currran's transfer of Lejota cyanea to the Milesiini. The 2n = 12 karyotypes of species of Blera, Criorhina, Lejota, Milesia, and to a lesser extent Sphecomyia, have some features in common. Spilomyia species have rather distinct 2n = 10 karyotypes. Certain species in Calliprobola, Syritta and Hadromyia are karyologically similar to some species of the genus Xylota in which species studied fall into fairly distinct karyological groups. These observations provide clear evidence of the accumulation of karyotypic variations in the origin of species in these two tribes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286546
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomes of Syrphidae (1968)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 24 (1968), S. 233-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report describes the karyotypes of fourteen species of the tribe Chrysotoxini (Diptera, Syrphidae) with the single genus Chrysotoxum. The species are listed in the Table on p. 240. All have 2n=10 chromosomes, usually consisting of short apparently telocentric sex chromosomes plus two subtelocentric and two submetacentric pairs of autosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285205
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomes of Syrphidae (1970)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 31 (1970), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The karyotypes of twelve species that possess microchromosomes are briefly described and compared with those of related species that do not have microchromosomes. The species with microchromosomec include several Sphaerophoria sp. (2n=6+6 micro.); Volucella pellucens (L.) (2n=10+8 micro.); Volucella zonaria (Poda) (2n=10+app. 30 micro.); Volucella elegans Loew (2n=10+35 to 45 micro.); Eristalis abusivus Collin (2n=10+10 to 16 micro.); Merodon avidus (Rossi) (2n=12, but a female from Spain 2n=14+5 or 6 micro.); Mallota marguerita Will. (2n=10+7 or 8 micro. including X and Y); Somula decora Macq. (2n=10+8 micro.); Sphecomyia vespiformis (Gorski) (2n=12 + XY + complexes of micro.); Xylota nemorum (Fab.) (2n=10 + about 20 micro. in certain individuals from western North America). These microchromosomes are generally not heterochromatic and are normal in behaviour except that they tend to clump in meiosis I. An origin from sex chromosomes seems possible. The karyotypes of Volucella inanis (L.) (2n=12) and of Eristalis transversus Wied. (2n=14) are also described briefly for comparative purposes and those of several other species of Syrphidae having karyotypes not previously described, are mentioned in the text.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285148
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatic chromosomes of higher diptera (1953)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 6 (1953), S. 479-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The chromosome complements of eighty brain cells ofHylemya antiqua have been studied. The eighty cells were found in thirty-three larvae. Total complement length (TCL) is not randomly distributed among the larvae. Because there is an inverse correlation between chromosome length and width, it appears that in the cells studied the different chromosome lengths are partly expressions of different stages of metaphase contraction. It is suggested that synchronous division of cells still occurs in late larvae. The length of each chromosome arm is highly correlated with that of every other arm. It is possible that the correlations are complete but that inadequate technique causes the departures from completeness which are observed. The chromosome lengths are corrected slightly for distortions, but the corrections make very little difference in the correlation coefficients. There is a high value for the correlation between the correlation of two arm lengths and the sum of the two arm lengths. This is to be expected if the perfect correlation between all arm lengths is being obscured by errors of drawing and measurement. The autosomal arms have very similar coefficients of variation. The arm ratios (length of long arm divided by short arm) are not correlated with TCL or with each other, and arm ratio is randomly distributed among the larvae. The sex chromosomes have a smaller coefficient of variation than the autosomes, so that they are relatively large in small cells and relatively small in large cells. Twenty-two cells inHylemya fugax were measured. The autosomes also showed a high correlation between arm lengths. An entirely heterochromatic autosomal arm showed the same phenomenon of a low coefficient of variation which was shown by the heteropycnotic sex chromosomes inH. antiqua. The low variability of heterochromatic regions accompanied by an apparently non-random distribution of the TCL may produce an erroneous picture of the species complement when dealing with small numbers. It is suggested that for simplicity in using cytological observations of this sort for taxonomic purposes, the technique of measuring the percent TCL of a chromosome plus its arm ratio be replaced by the percent TCL of each arm plus the average length difference between the arms of each chromosome pair in units of percent TCL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259950
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The National Ignition Facility and Industry (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 13 (1994), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: Inertial confinement fusion targets ; direct drive targets ; solid-state laser drive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The mission of the National Ignition Facility is to achieve ignition and gain in inertial confinement fusion targets in the laboratory. The facility will be used for defense applications such as weapons physics and weapons effects testing, and for civilian applications such as fusion energy development and fundamental studies of matter at high temperatures and densities. The National Ignition Facility construction project will require the best of our construction industries and its success will depend on the best products offered by hundreds of the nation's high technology companies. Three-fourths of the construction costs will be invested in industry. This article reviews the design, cost and schedule, and required industrial involvement associated with the construction project.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02213951
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomes ofLauxaniidae andChamaemyiidae (Diptera) (1975)
    Springer
    Genetica 45 (1975), S. 273-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers of 28 species ofLauxaniidae range from 2n=8 to 2n=12 with one having 2n=8, three having 2n=10 and 24 having 2n=12. Total complement length averaged 58.1 μ for 71 complements measured. The species studied in detail are classified according to chromosome number and morphology. The two Chamaemyiid species studied have 2n=6 and 2n=15, the latter including several microchromosomes. The karyotypical reorganizations have clearly involved inversions and translocations and a progressive reduction of chromosome numbers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01508303
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytotaxonomy of South American Syrphinae (Diptera: Syrphidae) (1973)
    Springer
    Genetica 44 (1973), S. 368-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This roport contains descriptions of the karyotypes of 60 species of Syrphinae collected in South America, including five species for which the karyotypes have been deseribed previously. The 55 newly added South American species represent the tribes Syrphini (11), Bacchini (14), Melanostomini (11) and Toxomerini (19) with chromosome numbers ranging from 2n=6 to 18, including microchromosomes. The new results are integratod with our earlier observations on the karyotypes of over three hundred species of Syrphinae. With a few excoptions, the chromosome numbers of spocies are similar in frequencies in the two samples but TCL is lower in the South American sample of spocies. Most South American spocies have a pair of short, heteromorphic and apparently telocentric sex chromosomes but a few exceptional types of sex-chromosome mechanisms were found. Reductions in chromosome number can be explained by end-to-end fusions in some cases though reciprocal translocations may also be occurring. It would seem that functional dicentric chromosomes are produced, by either process, in which one centromere suppresses the other. Karyological evolution in Syrphinae tribes seems to have involved a progressive reduction of chromosome numbers, pericentric inversions and the accumulation of microchromosomes. The role of such processes in the karyological evolution of seven tribes (including the Pipizini) is considered briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00161313
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomes of Syrphidae. VI. The tribe Pipizini (1972)
    Springer
    Genetica 43 (1972), S. 321-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The karyotypes of 24 species of the tribe Pipisini (Diptera: Syrphidae) are described and illustrated. Nearly all the species of Neocnemodon, Pipiza and Pipizella have 2n=8 chromosomes consisting of a short telocentric XY pair and three metacentric pairs increasing in relative length from long to very long. Pair II chromosomes in several Pipiza species have high metacentric to low submetacentric arm ratios. One Parapenium species is tentatively reported as having five pairs and another five or six pairs. The karyological evidence favours placing the tribe Pipizini in the subfamily Syrphinae rather than in the subfamily Milesiinae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00156130
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