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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PREMIUMS AND COUPONS AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF OBJECTIONABLE FLAVOR IN CEREAL PRODUCTS (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 44 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Current practice in the cereal industry is the use of multi-colored graphics on plastic-foil constructions and various coupons and premiums as packaging inserts. The volatiles in these inserts, if not controlled, can impart undesirable flavor to packaged foods. Volatiles isolated from various printed coupons and premiums exhibit a wide range of component concentration and odor. Chemical and organoleptic methods for measuring simulated volatile transmission from coupons and premiums through overwrap films have shown classical materials to be unsuitable in many cases. Instrumental measurements showed a polyester/PVDC/polyester film to be an almost absolute barrier to premium and coupon volatiles at the concentrations normally encountered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1979.tb08518.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impedance of alkaline manganese cells and their relationship to cell performance. I. Interpretation of the basic impedance spectrum (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The impedance characteristics of undischarged alkaline manganese cells of various sizes (LR20, LR6 and LR03) have been investigated over the frequency range 100 kHz to 1 mHz. Specially constructed reference electrode probes have been inserted into the cells in two basic positions such as to obtain a complete analysis of the contribution to the total impedance from the individual cell components. It is shown that the impedance of standard cells is determined by the cathode-can assembly, the anode-separator impedance being negligible by comparison. The cathode-can impedance is further resolved into two components. Firstly, a component due to a nickel oxide layer present on the surface of the nickel-plated steel can. This takes the form of a high frequency semicircle in the complex plane. Secondly, a component due to the cathode itself (manganese dioxide + graphite mixture) which takes the form of a higher frequency semicircle and a low-frequency straight line of slope ∼32°. The latter is interpreted in terms of porous electrode behaviour involving slow proton diffusion in the solid state. Some evidence for a porous-planar transition has also been obtained at a critical frequency of ∼3 mHz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01009143
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impedance of alkaline manganese cells and their relationship to cell performance. II. Correlation with short-circuit current and initial pulse discharge behaviour (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 174-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The theory relating the short-circuit or flash current behaviour of alkaline manganese and Leclanché cells to their internal resistance values has been reviewed. It is shown that the relationship SCC=VOC/R i pertains for both cell types where SCC is the short-circuit current, VOC the voltage at open circuit andR i the internal cell resistance which is a composite of several components. In the case of alkaline manganese cells these can be independently resolved usingin situ impedance measurements into three major components: the electrolyte resistance within the anode-separator-cathode porous matrices; the resistance of the cathode (MnO2 + graphite mixture); and the resistance of the nickel oxide layer on the surface of the nickel-plated steel positive current collector (cell container). In the case of Leclanché cells three components also control the internal resistance, but these cannot be so easily resolved. They are: the electrolyte resistance within the cathode separator matrices; the resistance of the cathode (MnO2 + carbon); and contact resistance between the cathode and positive current collector (carbon rod). Equivalent circuits for both alkaline manganese and Leclanché cells are proposed. Galvanostatic 2-A pulse discharge measurements have been made on LR20 alkaline manganese cells and directly correlated with the impedance measurements, thus providing confirmatory evidence for the equivalent circuit proposed. It is shown that the resistance calculated from the potential drop at 10 ms correlates closely with the internal resistance and hence short-circuit current value. It is also shown that ohmic polarization at long times (10 s) constitutes 67% of the total potential loss within the cell. Hence for a typical repetitive 2 A/10 s pulse discharge regime, the discharge life is critically dependent on the cell internal resistance value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01009144
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of various coated paper separator materials on the corrosion, polarization and impedance characteristics of zinc in concentrated soldium chloride solution (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 1281-1295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion characteristics of amalgamated zinc have been studied in 2.7M NaCl at pH 4.8 using steady-state polarization and a.c. impedance methods, and the influence of various coated paper separators has been determined. It is shown that the polarization behaviour in either the presence or absence of the separator materials can be interpreted if due consideration is given to diffusion and charge transfer effects. The anodic zinc dissolution process is jointly controlled by these effects whereas the cathodic hydrogen evolution (proton reduction) process is diffusion limited. Using a simple model which takes into account the quasi-reversible nature of the zinc dissolution process, good agreement between calculated and observed current inhibition factors can be obtained if the surface blocking (coverage) effect of the separators is combined with the effect of the change in diffusion path length through the separator pores. Application of this model to the diffusionlimited hydrogen evolution reaction, however, fails unless the blocking term is ignored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01023612
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impedance of alkaline manganese cells and their relationship to cell performance. III. Correlation with high-rate pulse discharge capacity (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 185-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The extent to which the initial impedance characteristics of a batch of LR6 alkaline manganese cells determine their life and therefore capacity during a typical 2 A/10 s pulse discharge regime has been investigated, and the importance of thermodynamic factors have also been considered. It is shown that the potential drop (E-V pulse) for the initial discharge cycle can be calculated approximately from a knowledge of the initial internal resistance value, and the recovery voltage,V rec, can be calculated using a simple thermodynamic theory for the homogeneous phase discharge of γ-MnO2. During subsequent cycles the polarization of the cathode-can assembly remains approximately constant at 300 mV while that of the anode-separator system increases progressively from 100 mV to 〉300 mV. The constancy of the former parameter can be attributed to constancy in the cathode contribution to the internal resistance, whereas the changes in the latter can be ascribed to increases in anode resistance polarization and anode concentration polarization. Minimization of cell internal resistance and anode polarization are therefore of primary concern if cell performance is to be maximized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01009145
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of methylcellulose-coated paper separators on the corrosion, polarization and impedance characteristics of zinc in concentrated ammonium chloride solution. II. Comparison of data obtained in flooded electrolyte and battery environments (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 1037-1047 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An attempt has been made to determinein situ the corrosion rate of the zinc anode in Leclanché batteries devoid of ZnCl2 in the electrolyte using steady-state polarization and a.c. impedance techniques. Previously obtained corrosion data for zinc immersed in flooded NH4Cl electrolyte has been used as a point of reference with which to compare thein situ data and hence gauge its legitimacy. It is shown that in the case of cells containinguncoated paper separators, good agreement between the two sets of data is obtained, thus demonstrating thatin situ corrosion rate measurements can be made. This allows the effects of ionic composition, zinc alloying constituents, amalgamation level, electrolyte impurities, and the role of oxygen, etc, to be determined in the battery environment. However, the anode polarization and impedance characteristics of ZnCl2-free cells containing methylcellulose-coated paper separators do not reflect corrosion processes. In fact the electrochemical data is almost indistinguishable from that obtained in ZnCl2-containing cells. It is postulated that the presence of the methylcellulose layer permits the zinc ion concentration to build up adjacent to the anode causing the cathodic hydrogen evolution process to be electrochemically masked by zinc deposition. The electrochemical characteristics therefore reflect zincexchange processes only. Neither the presence of the separator coating itself nor the restricted volume of electrolyte appear to be unilaterally responsible for the anomalous behaviour of ZnCl2-free cells, but rather a combination of these two conditions is necessary. Thus considerably restricted diffusion and the near absence of convection would appear to be the important factors which dictate the observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024369
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corrosion and polarization characteristics of zinc in battery electrolyte analogues and the effect of amalgamation (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 13 (1983), S. 623-635 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion and polarization characteristics of zinc have been investigated in concentrated NH4Cl and NaCl solutions which represent suitable electrolyte analogues for Leclanché and zinc chloride cells, respectively. The effects of zinc amalgamation in the range 0–1 mg Hg cm−2 have also been examined and the results compared and contrasted with those obtained in concentrated KOH solution which is a useful electrolyte analogue for alkaline cells. It is shown that the structure of the zinc-solution interphase and the electrochemical reactions which occur are critically dependent upon the particular electrolyte considered. Despite this, the absolute corrosion rates of unamalgamated zinc are of the same order. This is an unexpected result. The effectiveness with which both dissolved zinc salts and mercury reduce the corrosion rate decreases in the electrolyte order KOH ≳ NH4Cl 〉 NaCl This is explained by the increasing participation of diffusion as the factor which controls the rate of the cathodic hydrogen evolution process. Maximum effectiveness for corrosion inhibition is approached when the mercury level exceeds 100μg cm−2. At this concentration, coverage of the surface by a zinc rich amalgam of almost constant composition is complete.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617820
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of methylcellulose-coated paper separators on the corrosion, polarization and impedance characteristics of zinc in concentrated ammonium chloride solution. I. Behaviour in flooded electrolyte (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 1021-1036 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion characteristics of both pure and amalgamated zinc have been studied in 6.0 M NH4 Cl using steady-state polarization and a.c. impedance methods, and the influence of methylcellulose-coated and uncoated paper separators have been determined. Irrespective of the type of separator present, the results can be interpreted almost exclusively in terms of charge-transfer effects. In the presence of the base paper the anodic zinc dissolution process is inhibited by 79% whilst the rate of cathodic hydrogen evolution is inhibited by only 43%. Similarly, in the presence of the complete methylcellulose-coated separator formulation the anodic reaction is inhibited by 98–99% whilst the cathodic reaction is inhibited by only 60–74%. In either case it is shown that the anodic inhibition is considerably greater than that expected on the basis of a simple blocking type model, whereas the cathodic inhibition is considerably less. Evidence is presented which suggests that the excessive inhibition of the anodic current is a consequence of the specific influence of the separator on the stability and adsorption behaviour of Zn(I) intermediates in the zinc dissolution reaction. It is also postulated that the deficient inhibition of the cathodic current may result from the small size and high mobility of the proton which allows it to penetrate those regions of the metal-separator interface normally inaccessible to bulkier ions. Overall, the corrosion-inhibiting efficiency of the base paper is 41% whilst that of the complete methylcellulose-coated paper separator formulation is 70–75%. These results reflect a substantial influence of the separator material on the corrosion behaviour of zinc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01024368
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mechanism for alkaline cell leakage (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 253-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A form of alkaline creepage, other than that governed by electrocapillary phenomena, has been studied on partially immersed negatively polarized electrodes. This extra-creepage is believed to result from concentration gradients generated in the thin spreading film above the intrinsic liquid meniscus by the electrochemical reduction of oxygen and/or water. Consequent transport of water into the spreading film allows it to expand and advance further along the electrode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616428
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  • 10
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    A deletion-generator compound element allows deletion saturation analysis for genomewide phenotypic annotation (2002)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-02
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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