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  • 1
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    Narrow band solar images in the soft X-ray regime with multilayer optics (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: High quality multilayers with 2d spacings as short as about 44 A have been used successfully for astronomical observations. Observation of both the sun and cosmic X-ray sources (for which radiation longward of the carbon edge at about 44 A is strongly attenuated by interstellar matter) are possible at wavelengths shorter than 40 A with current multilayer technology, if mirrors are used at nonnormal angles of incidence. We discuss several configurations which are suitable for high resolution solar imaging observations in the wavelength interval between 0.5 and 50 A. We also describe the design and anticipated performance of a multilayer optical system we are currently developing for a rocketborne solar observatory.
    Keywords: OPTICS
    Type: In: Multilayer and grazing incidence X-ray(EUV optics; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 22-24, 1991 (A93-39658 15-74); p. 345-352.
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  • 2
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    Metrology of X-ray optics utilizing shearing interferometric techniques (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper will discuss the optical testing of extreme grazing incidence mirror systems and normal incidence high-precision mirror systems during fabrication processing of the optical substrates. The optical metrology is closely coupled with an advanced material removal process which will be discussed in terms of the optical metrology. Interferometric data will be presented of the optical surfaces. Surface roughness data will be shown and discussed.
    Keywords: OPTICS
    Type: In: Multilayer and grazing incidence X-ray(EUV optics; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 22-24, 1991 (A93-39658 15-74); p. 137-147.
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  • 3
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    Design and fabrication of the All-Reflecting H-Lyman-alpha Coronagraph/Polarimeter (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We have designed, analyzed, and are now fabricating an All-Reflecting H-Lyman-alpha Coronagraph/Polarimeter for solar research. This new instrument operates in a narrow bandpass centered at 215.7 A - the neutral hydrogen Ly-alpha line. It is shorter and faster than the telescope which produced solar Ly-alpha images as a part of the MSSTA payload that was launched on May 13, 1991. The Ly-alpha line is produced and linearly polarized in the solar corona by resonance scattering, and the presence of a magnetic field modifies this polarization according to the Hanle effect. The Lyman-alpha Coronagraph/Polarimeter instrument has been designed to measure coronal magnetic fields by interpreting, via the Hanle effect, the measured linear polarization of the coronal Ly-alpha line. Ultrasmooth mirrors, polarizers, and filters are being flow-polished for this instrument from CVD silicon carbide substrates. These optical components will be coated using advanced induced transmission and absorption thin film multilayer coatings to optimize the reflectivity and polarization properties at 1215.7 A. We describe some of the solar imaging results obtained with the MSSTA Lyman-alpha coronagraph. We also discuss the optical design parameters and fabrication plans for the All-Reflecting H-Lyman-alpha Coronagraph/Polarimeter.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: In: Multilayer and grazing incidence X-ray(EUV optics for astronomy and projection lithography; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 19-22, 1992 (A93-39601 15-74); p. 439-452.
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  • 4
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    Polarimetry of the HI Lyman-alpha for coronal magnetic field diagnostics (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We discuss and analyze the possible sources of observational and instrumental uncertainty that can be encountered in measuring magnetic fields of the solar corona through polarimetric observations of the Hanle effect of the coronal Ly-alpha line. The Hanle effect is the modification of the linear polarization of a resonantly scattered line, due to the presence of a magnetic field. Simulated observations are used to examine how polarimetric measurements of this effect are affected by the line-of-sight integration, the electron collisions, and the Ly-alpha geocorona. We plan to implement the coronal magnetic field diagnostics via the Ly-alpha Hanle effect using an all-reflecting Ly-alpha coronagraph/polarimeter (Ly-alphaCoPo) which employs reflecting multilayer mirrors, polarizers, and filters. We discuss here the requirements for such an instrument, and analyze the sources of instrumental uncertainty for polarimetric observations of the coronal Ly-alpha Hanle effect. We conclude that the anticipated polarization signal from the corona and the expected performance of the Ly-alphaCoPo instrument are such that the Ly-alpha Hanle effect method for coronal field diagnostics is feasible.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: In: Multilayer and grazing incidence X-ray(EUV optics for astronomy and projection lithography; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 19-22, 1992 (A93-39601 15-74); p. 423-438.
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  • 5
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    X ray imaging microscope for cancer research (1991)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The NASA technology employed during the Stanford MSFC LLNL Rocket X Ray Spectroheliograph flight established that doubly reflecting, normal incidence multilayer optics can be designed, fabricated, and used for high resolution x ray imaging of the Sun. Technology developed as part of the MSFC X Ray Microscope program, showed that high quality, high resolution multilayer x ray imaging microscopes are feasible. Using technology developed at Stanford University and at the DOE Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Troy W. Barbee, Jr. has fabricated multilayer coatings with near theoretical reflectivities and perfect bandpass matching for a new rocket borne solar observatory, the Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array (MSSTA). Advanced Flow Polishing has provided multilayer mirror substrates with sub-angstrom (rms) smoothnesss for the astronomical x ray telescopes and x ray microscopes. The combination of these important technological advancements has paved the way for the development of a Water Window Imaging X Ray Microscope for cancer research.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Technology 2000, Volume 1; p 73-82
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Imaging Schwarzschild multilayer X-ray microscope (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: We have designed, analyzed, fabricated, and tested Schwarzschild multilayer X-ray microscopes. These instruments use flow-polished Zerodur mirror substrates which have been coated with multilayers optimized for maximum reflectivity at normal incidence at 135 A. They are being developed as prototypes for the Water Window Imaging X-Ray Microscope. Ultrasmooth mirror sets of hemlite grade sapphire have been fabricated and they are now being coated with multilayers to reflect soft X-rays at 38 A, within the biologically important 'water window'. In this paper, we discuss the fabrication of the microscope optics and structural components as well as the mounting of the optics and assembly of the microscopes. We also describe the optical alignment, interferometric and visible light testing of the microscopes, present interferometrically measured performance data, and provide the first results of optical imaging tests.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: In: Multilayer and grazing incidence X-ray(EUV optics for astronomy and projection lithography; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 19-22, 1992 (A93-39601 15-74); p. 660-673.
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  • 7
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    Design and Fabrication of the All-Reflecting H-Lyman alpha Coronagraph/Polarimeter (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We have designed, analyzed, and are now fabricating an All-Reflecting H-Lyman alpha Coronagraph/Polarimeter for solar research. This new instrument operates in a narrow bandpass centered at lambda 1215.7 A-the neutral hydrogen Lyman alpha (Ly-alpha) line. It is shorter and faster than the telescope which produced solar Ly-alpha images as a part of the MSSTA payload that was launched on May 13, 1991. The Ly-alpha line is produced and linearly polarized in the solar corona by resonance scattering, and the presence of a magnetic field modifies this polarization according to the Hanle effect. The Lyman alpha Coronagraph/Polarimeter instrument has been designed to measure coronal magnetic fields by interpreting, via the Hanle effect, the measured linear polarization of the coronal Ly-alpha line. Ultrasmooth mirrors, polarizers, and filters are being flow-polished for this instrument from CVD silicon carbide substrates. These optical components will be coated using advanced induced transmission and absorption thin film multilayer coatings, to optimize the reflectivity and polarization properties at 1215.7 A. We describe some of the solar imaging results obtained with the MSSTA Lyman alpha coronagraph. We also discuss the optical design parameters and fabrication plans for the All-Reflecting H-Lyman alpha Coronagraph/Polarimeter.
    Keywords: Optics
    Type: NASA/TM-1992-113081 , NAS 1.15:113081 , Multilayer and Grazing Incidence X-ray/EUV Optics for Astronomy and Projection Lithography; Jul 19, 1992 - Jul 22, 1992; San Diego, CA; United States|International Society for Optical Engineering; 1742; 439-452
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  • 8
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    High resolution imaging with multilayer soft X-ray, EUV and FUV telescopes of modest aperture and cost (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The development of multilayer reflective coatings now permits soft X-ray, EUV and FUV radiation to be efficiently imaged by conventional normal incidence optical configurations. Telescopes with quite modest apertures can, in principle, achieve images with resolutions which would require apertures of 1.25 meters or more at visible wavelengths. The progress is reviewed which has been made in developing compact telescopes for ultra-high resolution imaging of the sun at soft X-ray, EUV and FUV wavelengths, including laboratory test results and astronomical images obtained with rocket-borne multilayer telescopes. The factors are discussed which limit the resolution which has been achieved so far, and the problems which must be addressed to attain, and surpass the 0.1 arc-second level. The application of these technologies to the development of solar telescopes for future space missions is also described.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Space Astronomical Telescopes and Instruments; Apr 01, 1991 - Apr 04, 1991; Orlando, FL; United States
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  • 9
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    Performance of the Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array. III - Optical characteristics of the Ritchey-Chretien and Cassegrain telescopes (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Multi-Spectral Solar Telescope Array (MSSTA), which is a sounding-rocket-borne observatory for investigating the sun in the soft X-ray/EUV and FUV regimes of the electromagnetic spectrum, utilizes single reflection multilayer coated Herschelian telescopes for wavelengths below 100 A, and five doubly reflecting multilayer coated Ritchey-Chretien and two Cassegrain telescopes for selected wavelengths in the EUV region between 100 and 1000 A. The paper discusses the interferometric alignment, testing, focusing, visible light testing, and optical performance characteristics of the Ritchey-Chretien and Cassegrain telescopes of MSSTA. A schematic diagram of the MSSTA Ritchey-Chretien telescope is presented together with diagrams of the system autocollimation testing.
    Keywords: OPTICS
    Type: X-ray/EUV Optics for Astronomy, Microscopy, Polarimetry and Projection Lithography; Jul 09, 1990 - Jul 13, 1990; San Diego, CA; United States
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  • 10
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    Development of the water window imaging X-ray microscope utilizing normal-incidence multilayer optics (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A water-window imaging X-ray telescope configured with normal-incidence multilayer X-ray mirrors has been developed to obtain images with unprecedented spatial resolution and contrast of carbon-based microstructures within living cells. The narrow bandpass response inherent in multilayer X-ray optics is accurately tuned to wavelengths within the water window.
    Keywords: OPTICS
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 30; 1086-109
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