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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alloimmune responses between Acropora hemprichi conspecifics: nontransitive patterns of overgrowth and delayed cytotoxicity (1994)
    Springer
    Marine biology 118 (1994), S. 731-737 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Allogeneic interactions between Acropora hemprichi (Ehrenberg) colonies were followed in situ up to 18 mo between 1990 and 1992 in Eilat, Red Sea. We established all 21 possible branch pair combinations among seven large colonies in three to eight replicates each (n=92 pairs), in addition in 14 pairs of grafts within-colonies. All isografts resulted in fusion. Allogeneic interactions revealed a variety of effector mechanisms which involved the appearance of dark blue-purple color in the tissues of interacting branch tips (〈1 cm), unilateral overgrowths (1.0 to 1.5 mm mo-1 for 1 to 8 mo), rejections, healings, continuous overgrowths, reversals, repeated rejections and more. Direction of overgrowth was usually specific to a given combination of colonies. A hierarchial network of overgrowths was obtained by analyzing overgrowth directions of all pairwise combinations, which included 30 transitive and five nontransitive three-way combinations. These outcomes, similarly to responses of allogeneic encounters recorded from other coral species, show that colonies can respond selectively to different types of allogeneic challenges. It is suggested that corals may have the capacity to distinguish self from nonself by recognizing nonself attributes presented on conspecifics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347522
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coral weight increment in situ. A new method to determine coral growth (1973)
    Springer
    Marine biology 20 (1973), S. 45-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An underwater weighing apparatus is described. This consits basically of a float, the buoyancy of which is neutralized by a known amount of lead weights. The standard error of the method is ±0.1g. The entire weighing procedure takes place on the reef using SCUBA diving gear. The advantages are that the animals are not harmed by experimental treatment, and that the pure calcium-carbonate increment is registrated. Some results obtained by this method show growth of Montastrea annularis and Madracis mirabilis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00387673
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution, abundance and survival of juvenile hermatypic corals (Scleractinia) and the importance of life history strategies in the parent coral community (1979)
    Springer
    Marine biology 54 (1979), S. 341-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and abundance of juvenile corals were examined at depths from 3 to 37 m on the reefs of Curaçao and Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles). Juveniles of Agaricia agaricites were most abundant (60.6%), followed by Helioseris cucullata (8.3%). The large massive corals such as Montastrea annularis, M. cavernosa and branched species such as Madracis mirabilis and Acropora palmata had few juveniles. This, combined with species characteristics, shows that these species employ very different life history strategies. In some species the abundance of juveniles over the reef paralleled that of larger colonies, but not for example in Agaricia agaricites. The composition of the coral community was apparently no direct function of juvenile abundance. A change in angle of settlement of A. agaricites juveniles with increasing depth, from vertical to horizontal surfaces, seems to reflect the preferred light intensity. We studied the survival of juvenile corals during a half-year period. One-third remained unharmed, one-third died or disappeared, and one-third was limited in growth by factors such as spatial competition. This was the same for all depths, but factors influencing survival varied with depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395440
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complexity of coral interactions: Influence of time, location of interaction and epifauna (1982)
    Springer
    Marine biology 69 (1982), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The potential role of competition for space in a community depends on the arrangement of interaction relationships. A survey (255 m2) of the interactions between corals (Scleractinia) on a Caribbean reef (depth 10–30 m) indicated the outcome of 17–35% of the aggressive and defensive interactions to be unpredictable. Experiments on the reef (depth 7–13 m) with pairs of interacting corals — Madracis mirabilis (Duchassing & Michelotti), Agaricia agaricites (L), Montastrea annularis (Ellis & Solander), Eusmilia fastigiata (Pallas) — showed that, after the initial contest through extracoelenteric digestion, there are at least two additional processes which can result in a reversal of dominance: interference by epifauna and sweeper tentacle development. Moreover, the impact of extracoelenteric digestion and the extent of sweeper tentacle development varied over the surface of the corals. Employing laboratory and field experiments to distinguish between the impact of extracoelenteric digestion, epifauna behaviour and sweeper tentacles, we show the three processes combined to explain the coral interaction process in toto. The outcome of the interaction process on the reef depends on numerous, partly unpredictable, variables, including mode of contact and effects of position. Consequently, patterns of community organization resulting from spatial competition will be slow to emerge and easily erased prematurely by disturbances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396901
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of Oil-Sediment rejection in corals (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 37 (1976), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The patterns of oil-sediment rejection of 19 Caribbean hermatypic corals are identical to theri patterns of rejection of clean sediments. The rejection pattern is typical for coral species, and displays maximum and minimum rates dependent on the size and density of the oil-sediment particles. The viscosity of the oil determines the size of the oil-sediment particles. A coral's efficiency of rejection of sediment depends on the size and amount of the sediment particles. Oil drops ≥0.06 mm are removed by the coral's tissues. Physical contact with oil-sediment particles appears to be less harmful to corals than the toxic effects of oils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389121
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neoplasia, regeneration and growth in the reef-building coral Acropora palmata (1983)
    Springer
    Marine biology 77 (1983), S. 221-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Abnormal processes of calcification, such as regenerating lesions and neoplasia, situated near the tips(〈25 cm) of colonies of Acropora palmata (Lamarck) suppressed normal linear growth. Branches having neoplasia at a larger distance from the tip do not grow significantly differently from controls. This indicates a functional minimal area in terms of energy supply. Neoplasia are pure aragonite and have the same coenosteal structure as regenerative skeletal material. Regeneration of tissue as well as tissue+skeleton lesions involves the simultaneous formation of tissue and regenerative skeleton, trapping foreign material under the regenerated surface. Recovery of a damaged surface slows down with time and this may, in other coral species, result in permanent lesions. A. palmata recovered from all lesions (n=32) within 80 d and appears to be a superior regenerator among Caribbean corals. This is consistent with other life-history characteristics of this highly specialized coral species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395810
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organic sedimentation and macrofauna as forcing factors in marine benthic nanofagellate communities (1995)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 29 (1995), S. 173-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated how benthic nanoflagellate communities in marine sediments respond to sedimentation of organic material and to the presence of macrofaunal organisms in controlled boxcosms. An input of 24 g C m−2 resulted in a sharp increase in densities, from 93 to 477 × 103 flagellates cm−3 within 11 days. At the onset, this increase was paralleled by enhanced bacterial production and bacterial numbers. When bacterial production collapsed, flagellate ingestion rates, varying from 17 to 67 bact flag−1 h−1, were sufficient to control bacterial abundance. The presence of macrofauna accelerated the burst in flagellate densities. With macrofauna the same maximum densities were reached, but later densities dropped to relatively low levels. Macrofaunal bioturbation resulted in higher flagellate densities deeper in the sediment (up to 1200% at 3 cm and up to 460% at 6 cm deep).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167163
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration (2001)
    Boston, MA, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 9 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Recreational and other human activities degrade coral reefs worldwide to a point where efficient restoration techniques are needed. Here we tested several strategies for gardening denuded reefs. The gardening concept consists of in situ or ex situ mariculture of coral recruits, followed by their transplantation into degraded reef sites. In situ nurseries were established in Eilat's (Northern Red Sea) shallow waters, sheltering three types of coral materials taken from the branching species Stylophora pistillata (small colonies, branch fragments, and spat) that were monitored for up to two years. Pruning more than 10% of donor colonies' branches increased mortality, and surviving colonies displayed reduced reproductive activity. Maricultured isolated branches, however, exceeded donor colony life span and reproductive activity and added 0.5–45% skeletal mass per year. Forty-four percent of the small colonies survived after 1.5-year mariculture, revealing average yearly growth of 75 ± 32%. Three months ex situ maintenance of coral spat (sexual recruits) prior to the in situ nursery phase increased survivorship. Within the next 1.5 years, they developed into colonies of 3–4 cm diameter. Nursery periods of 2 years, 4–5 years, and more than〉 5 years have been estimated for small colonies, spat, and isolated branches, respectively. These and other results, including the possible use of nubbins (minute fragments the size of a single or few polyps), are discussed, revealing benefits and drawbacks for each material. In situ coral mariculture is an improved practice to the common but potentially harmful protocol of direct coral transplantation. It is suggested that reef gardening may be used as a key management tool in conservation and restoration of denuded reef areas. The gardening concept may be applicable for coral reefs worldwide through site-specific considerations and the use of different local coral species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2001.94012.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implementation of a small-scale “no-use zone” policy in a reef ecosystem: Eilat’s reef-lagoon six years later (1999)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 18 (1999), S. 327-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Keywords: Key words Coral Breakage ; Conservation ; Marine Protected Area ; Partial Mortality ; Reef Management ; Stylophora pistillata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  A small-scale, “no-use zone policy” has been implemented since 1992 at Eilat’s Coral Nature Reserve (Northern Red Sea). Six years later, the status of this closed-to-the-public reef area was compared to two nearby open-to-the-public sites, by evaluating populations of the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata in the strolling zone (0.5–1.5 m depth). Results from the open sites show that: (1) Live coral cover was three times lower than at the closed site; (2) numbers of small colonies (recruits) were significantly higher than in the closed site, while numbers of medium and large size colonies (geometric mean radius, r¯〉4.1 cm) per m2 were significantly lower; (3) maximum r¯ was almost half than that in the closed site (9.6 cm versus 16.7 cm); (4) average number of broken colonies was three times higher than in the closed site; (5) significantly fewer colonies were partially dead. The latter result may reflect senescence processes in the large colonies of the closed site. Although colony breakage is reduced, it appears that the “no-use zone” policy is not sufficient for protecting small reef areas. The intense exploitation of Eilat’s coral reef by the tourist industry requires’ in addition to the conventional protective measures, the initiation of novel management solutions such as reef restoration by sexual and asexual recruits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050207
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sea urchin bioerosion on coral reefs: place in the carbonate budget and relevant variables (1994)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 13 (1994), S. 99-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Two aspects of erosion by sea urchins (Echinoidea) in coral reef habitats are: the direct passage of reef framework material through the gut and the indirect effects through the weakening of the reef structure. Urchin bioerosion can equal or exceed reef carbonate production. The impact of urchins on reefs depends on three variables: species type, test size and population density. Large differences in bioerosion by urchins of the same test size occur between different species. Size differences between species in a sea urchin community, as well as size differences within a species along a reef, can be significant. Bioerosion per urchin increases enormously with size. Changes in population density, through time and space, result in significant changes in bioerosion. It is demonstrated how the interaction of these variables determines in-situ sea urchin bioerosion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300768
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