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  • 1
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    A quantitative model for integrating landscape evolution and soil formation (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: [1]  Landscape evolution is closely related to soil formation. Quantitative modeling of the dynamics of soils and landscapes should therefore be integrated. This paper presents a model, named Model for Integrated Landscape Evolution and Soil Development (MILESD), which describes the interaction between pedogenetic and geomorphic processes. This mechanistic model includes the most significant soil formation processes, ranging from weathering to clay translocation, and combines these with the lateral redistribution of soil particles through erosion and deposition. The model is spatially explicit and simulates the vertical variation in soil horizon depth as well as basic soil properties such as texture and organic matter content. In addition, sediment export and its properties are recorded. This model is applied to a 6.25 km 2 area in the Werrikimbe National Park, Australia, simulating soil development over a period of 60,000 years. Comparison with field observations shows how the model accurately predicts trends in total soil thickness along a catena. Soil texture and bulk density are predicted reasonably well, with errors of the order of 10%, however, field observations show a much higher organic carbon content than predicted. At the landscape scale, different scenarios with varying erosion intensity result only in small changes of landscape-averaged soil thickness, while the response of the total organic carbon stored in the system is higher. Rates of sediment export show a highly nonlinear response to soil development stage and the presence of a threshold, corresponding to the depletion of the soil reservoir, beyond which sediment export drops significantly.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Continuous rice cropping has been sequestering carbon in soils in Java and South Korea for the past 30 years (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-22
    Description: The soil system represents the dominant terrestrial reservoir of carbon in the biosphere. Deforestation, poor land management, and excessive cropping lead to a decrease in soil carbon stocks, but intensive cropping can reverse this trend. We discuss long-term soil organic carbon data from two major rice-growing areas: Java (Indonesia) and South Korea. Soil organic carbon content in the top 15 cm for both countries has increased in recent decades. In South Korea, the top 15 cm of soils store about 31 Tg (1012 g) of carbon (C) with a sequestration rate of 0.3 Tg C per year. In Java, the agricultural topsoils accumulated more than 1.7 Tg C per year over the period 1990–2010. We attribute the increase in measured SOC mainly to increases in above- and below- ground biomass due to fertilization. Good agronomic practices can maintain and increase soil carbon, which ensures soil security to produce food and fiber.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Evaluation of a local regression kriging approach for mapping apparent electrical conductivity of soil (ECa) at high resolution (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: Apparent electrical conductivity of soil (ECa) is a property frequently used as a diagnostic tool in precision agriculture, and is measured using vehicle-mounted proximal sensors. Crop-yield data, which is measured by harvester-mounted sensors, is usually collected at a higher spatial density compared to ECa. ECa and crop-yield maps frequently exhibit similar spatial patterns because ECa is primarily controlled by the soil clay content and the interrelated soil moisture content, which are often significant contributors to crop-yield potential. By quantifying the spatial relationship between soil ECa and crop yield, it is possible to estimate the value of ECa at the spatial resolution of the crop-yield data. This is achieved through the use of a local regression kriging approach which uses the higher-resolution crop-yield data as a covariate to predict ECa at a higher spatial resolution than would be prudent with the original ECa data alone. The accuracy of the local regression kriging (LRK) method is evaluated against local kriging (LK) and local regression (LR) to predict ECa. The results indicate that the performance of LRK is dependent on the performance of the inherent local regression. Over a range of ECa transect survey densities, LRK provides greater accuracy than LK and LR, except at very low density. Maps of the regression coefficients demonstrated that the relationship between ECa and crop yield varies from year to year, and across a field. The application of LRK to commercial scale ECa survey data, using crop yield as a covariate, should improve the accuracy of the resultant maps. This has implications for employing the maps in crop-management decisions and building more robust calibrations between field-gathered soil ECa and primary soil properties such as clay content.
    Print ISSN: 1436-8730
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-2624
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 4
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    A quantitative model for integrating landscape evolution and soil formation (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-19
    Description: [1]  Landscape evolution is closely related to soil formation. Quantitative modeling of the dynamics of soils and landscapes should therefore be integrated. This paper presents a model, named Model for Integrated Landscape Evolution and Soil Development (MILESD), which describes the interaction between pedogenetic and geomorphic processes. This mechanistic model includes the most significant soil formation processes, ranging from weathering to clay translocation, and combines these with the lateral redistribution of soil particles through erosion and deposition. The model is spatially explicit and simulates the vertical variation in soil horizon depth as well as basic soil properties such as texture and organic matter content. In addition, sediment export and its properties are recorded. This model is applied to a 6.25 km 2 area in the Werrikimbe National Park, Australia, simulating soil development over a period of 60,000 years. Comparison with field observations shows how the model accurately predicts trends in total soil thickness along a catena. Soil texture and bulk density are predicted reasonably well, with errors of the order of 10%, however, field observations show a much higher organic carbon content than predicted. At the landscape scale, different scenarios with varying erosion intensity result only in small changes of landscape-averaged soil thickness, while the response of the total organic carbon stored in the system is higher. Rates of sediment export show a highly nonlinear response to soil development stage and the presence of a threshold, corresponding to the depletion of the soil reservoir, beyond which sediment export drops significantly.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Sustainability, Vol. 11, Pages 3350: On Soil Capability, Capacity, and Condition (2019)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The role of soil in the existential environmental problems of declining biodiversity, climate change, water and energy security, impacting on food security has highlighted the need to link the soil functions to ecosystem services. We describe and illustrate by a limited example, the concepts and assessment of soil’s capacity measured through its capability and condition as contributors to an overall soil security framework. The framework is based on the concepts of genosoils and phenosoils. The links to other notions, such as threats to soil and soil functions are made. The framework can be potentially applied elsewhere to quantify soil changes under natural processes and human activities.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 6
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    Evaluation of a local regression kriging approach for mapping apparent electrical conductivity of soil (ECa) at high resolution (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-25
    Description: Apparent electrical conductivity of soil (ECa) is a property frequently used as a diagnostic tool in precision agriculture, and is measured using vehicle-mounted proximal sensors. Crop-yield data, which is measured by harvester-mounted sensors, is usually collected at a higher spatial density compared to ECa. ECa and crop-yield maps frequently exhibit similar spatial patterns because ECa is primarily controlled by the soil clay content and the interrelated soil moisture content, which are often significant contributors to crop-yield potential. By quantifying the spatial relationship between soil ECa and crop yield, it is possible to estimate the value of ECa at the spatial resolution of the crop-yield data. This is achieved through the use of a local regression kriging approach which uses the higher-resolution crop-yield data as a covariate to predict ECa at a higher spatial resolution than would be prudent with the original ECa data alone. The accuracy of the local regression kriging (LRK) method is evaluated against local kriging (LK) and local regression (LR) to predict ECa. The results indicate that the performance of LRK is dependent on the performance of the inherent local regression. Over a range of ECa transect survey densities, LRK provides greater accuracy than LK and LR, except at very low density. Maps of the regression coefficients demonstrated that the relationship between ECa and crop yield varies from year to year, and across a field. The application of LRK to commercial scale ECa survey data, using crop yield as a covariate, should improve the accuracy of the resultant maps. This has implications for employing the maps in crop-management decisions and building more robust calibrations between field-gathered soil ECa and primary soil properties such as clay content.
    Print ISSN: 1436-8730
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-2624
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
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    POLARIS soil properties: 30‐meter probabilistic maps of soil properties over the contiguous United States (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract Soils play a critical role in the cycling of water, energy, and carbon in the earth system. Until recently, due primarily to a lack of soil property maps of a sufficiently high quality and spatial detail, a minor emphasis has been placed on providing high‐resolution measured soil parameter estimates for land surface models and hydrologic models. This study introduces POLARIS soil properties—a database of 30‐meter probabilistic soil property maps over the contiguous United States (CONUS). The mapped variables over CONUS include soil texture, organic matter, pH, saturated hydraulic conductivity, Brooks‐Corey and Van Genuchten water retention curve parameters, bulk density, and saturated water content. POLARIS soil properties was assembled by: 1) depth‐harmonizing and aggregating the pedons in the National Cooperative Soil Survey Soil Characterization Database and the components in SSURGO into a database of 21,481 different soil series—each soil series having its own vertical profiles of different soil properties; 2) pruning the original POLARIS soil series maps using conventional soil maps to improve soil series prediction accuracy; 3) merging the assembled soil series databases with the pruned POLARIS soil series maps to construct the soil property maps over CONUS. POLARIS soil properties includes 100‐bin histograms for each layer and variable per grid cell and a series of summary statistics at  30,  300, and  3000 meter spatial resolution. Evaluation of POLARIS soil properties using in‐situ measurements shows an average R2 of 0.41, normalized root mean squared error of 12%, and a normalized mean absolute error of 8.8%.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Environmental science. Digital soil map of the world (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sanchez, Pedro A -- Ahamed, Sonya -- Carre, Florence -- Hartemink, Alfred E -- Hempel, Jonathan -- Huising, Jeroen -- Lagacherie, Philippe -- McBratney, Alex B -- McKenzie, Neil J -- Mendonca-Santos, Maria de Lourdes -- Minasny, Budiman -- Montanarella, Luca -- Okoth, Peter -- Palm, Cheryl A -- Sachs, Jeffrey D -- Shepherd, Keith D -- Vagen, Tor-Gunnar -- Vanlauwe, Bernard -- Walsh, Markus G -- Winowiecki, Leigh A -- Zhang, Gan-Lin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 7;325(5941):680-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1175084.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Institute at Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. psanchez@ei.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate ; *Databases, Factual ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Humans ; *Soil/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Cranial base flexion and H. erectus skulls (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lieberman, Daniel E -- McBratney, Brandeis -- Krovitz, Gail E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):249.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690172" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Skull/*anatomy & histology ; Skull Base
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo sapiens (2002)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-22
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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