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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The entire LDEF spacecraft was examined by M&D SIG for impact (i.e., craters greater than or = 0.5 mm and penetrations greater than or = 0.3 mm in diameter) and related features (e.g., debris, secondaries). During the various detailed surveys conducted at NASA Kennedy, approx. 5,000 impact related features were photodocumented, and their locations measured and recorded; an additional approx. 30,000 smaller features were counted. The equipment and techniques used by the M&D SIG permitted the determination and recording of the locations and diameters of the 5,000 imaged features. A variety of experimental and LDEF structural hardware was acquired by the M&D SIG and is presently being examined and curated at NASA Johnson.
    Keywords: DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, LDEF: 69 Months in Space. First Post-Retrieval Symposium, Part 1; p 459-475
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: All craters greater than or equal to 500 microns and penetration holes greater than or equal to 300 microns in diameter on the entire Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) were documented. Summarized here are the observations on the LDEF frame, which exposed aluminum 6061-T6 in 26 specific directions relative to LDEF's velocity vector. In addition, the opportunity arose to characterize the penetration holes in the A0178 thermal blankets, which pointed in nine directions. For each of the 26 directions, LDEF provided time-area products that approach those afforded by all previous space-retrieved materials combined. The objective here is to provide a factual database pertaining to the largest collisional events on the entire LDEF spacecraft with a minimum of interpretation. This database may serve to encourage and guide more interpretative efforts and modeling attempts.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, LDEF: 69 Months in Space. First Post-Retrieval Symposium, Part 1; p 477-486
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The gravity stabilization feature of the NASA Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), which was recovered in January 1990 after 5.7 years of continuous exposure to the LEO environment, has allowed the resolution of the flux and trajectories of impacting meteoroids and space-debris particulates. Attention is presently given to the stereoscopic video imaging results obtained for the large impact features on the LDEF's aluminum frame. Extreme directionalities appear to typify impacting particulates larger than 0.1 mm in diameter; this is not explainable in light of current models. Recommendations for further LDEF analyses to ensure the safe design of future spacecraft are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 28; 204-209
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Thermal control surfaces on the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) were exposed to 5.75 years of low-Earth orbit environments. Since LDEF was gravity gradient stabilized and directionally stable, the effects of each of the environments can be distinguished via changes in material responses to hypervelocity impacts. The extent of these effects are being visually and microscopically characterized using thermal control surfaces archived at Johnson Space Center in order to determine the the relationship between environment exposure and resulting ring sizes, delamination areas, and penetration diameters. The characterization of these affected areas will provide spacecraft system designers with the information they require to determine degradation of thermal control systems during satellite lifetimes.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Langley Research Center, First LDEF Post-Retrieval Symposium Abstracts; p 45b
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Since the Long Duration Exposure Facility was gravity gradient stabilized and did not rotate, the directional dependence of the flux can be easily distinguished. During the deintegration of LDEF, all impact features larger than 0.5 mm into aluminum were documented for diameters and locations. In addition, all diameters and locations of all impact features larger than 0.3 mm into Scheldahl G411500 thermal control blankets were also documented. This data, along with additional information collected from LDEF materials archived at NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) on smaller features, will be compared with current meteoroid and debris models. This comparison will provide a validation of the models and will identify discrepancies between the models and the data.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Langley Research Center, First LDEF Post-Retrieval Symposium Abstracts; p 43
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Reported here are impact simulations into pure Teflon and aluminum targets. These experiments will allow first order interpretations of impact features on the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), and they will serve as guides for dedicated experiments that employ the real LDEF blankets, both unexposed and exposed, for a refined understanding of the Long Duration Exposure Facility's collisional environment.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Langley Research Center, First LDEF Post-Retrieval Symposium Abstracts; p 45
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) was recovered in January 1990 following 5.7 years exposure of approx. 130 square meters of surface area in low-Earth orbit (250-179 miles). Kennedy Space Center acquired data are currently being reduced to yield accurate impact crater depths and diameters. Presented here is a preliminary accounting of the impact record based on the approx. 15.4 square meter surface area of LDEF's 6061-T6 aluminum frame, which was exposed in 26 different directions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Langley Research Center, First LDEF Post-Retrieval Symposium Abstracts; p 35
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) was recovered in January 1990, following 5.75 years exposure of about 130 sq. m to low-Earth orbit. About 25 sq. m of this surface area was aluminum 6061 T-6 exposed in every direction. In addition, about 17 sq. m of Scheldahl G411500 silver-Teflon thermal control blankets were exposed in 9 of the 12 directions. Since the LDEF was gravity gradient stabilized and did not rotate, the directional dependence of the flux can be easily distinguished. During the disintegration of the LDEF, all impact features larger than 0.5 mm into aluminum were documented for diameters and locations. In addition, the diameters and locations of all impact features larger than 0.3 mm into Scheldahl G411500 thermal control blankets were also documented. This data, along with additional information collected from LDEF materials will be compared with current meteoroid and debris models. This comparison will provide a validation of the models and will identify discrepancies between the models and the data.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, LDEF: 69 Months in Space. First Post-Retrieval Symposium, Part 1; p 567
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Because of its exposure time and total exposed surface area, the LDEF provides a unique opportunity to analyze the effects of the natural and man-made particle populations in low earth orbit (LEO). This study concentrated on collecting and analyzing measurements of impact craters from seven painted aluminum surfaces at different locations on the satellite. These data are being used to: (1) update the current theoretical micrometeoroid and debris models for LEO; (2) characterize the effects of the LEO micrometeoroid and debris environment of satellite components and designs; (3) help assess the probability of collision between spacecraft in LEO and already resident debris and the survivability of those spacecraft that must travel through, or reside in, LEO; and (4) help define and evaluate future debris mitigation and disposal methods. Measurements were collected from one aluminum experiment tray cover (Bay C-12), two aluminum grapple plates (Bays C-01, C-10), and four aluminum experiment sun-shields (Bay E-09), all of which were coated with thermal paint. These measurements were taken at the Facility for Optical Interpretation of Large Surfaces (FOILS) Lab at JSC. Virtually all features greater than 0.2 mm in diameter possessed a spall zone in which all of the paint was removed from the aluminum surface, and which varied in size from 2-5 crater diameters. The actual craters vary from central pits without raised rims to morphologies more typical of craters formed in aluminum under hypervelocity impact conditions for larger features. Most craters exhibit a shock zone that varies in size from approximately 1-20 crater diameters. In general, only the outermost layer of paint was affected by this impact-related phenomenon, with several impacts possessing ridge-like structures encircling the area in which this outer-most paint layer was removed. Overall, there were no noticeable penetrations or bulges on the underside of the trays. One tray from the E-09 bay exhibited a spallation zone on the backside, approximately equal in size to that on the front side. Results from this study demonstrate that the impact damaged areas extend far beyond the actual craters in coated or painted surfaces. While the cratering damaged much greater than 1 percent of the total surface area, the total impact damage area exceeded 3 percent.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Second LDEF Post-Retrieval Symposium Abstracts; p 35
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Thermal control surfaces returned from space exhibited synergistic effects of simultaneous exposure to various natural environments. The thermal control surfaces of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) were exposed to 5.75 years of low Earth orbit environments. Since LDEF was gravity-gradient stabilized and directionally stable (i.e., no rotation), the effects of each of the environments (meteoroid and space debris impacts, thermal cycling, atomic oxygen, and ultraviolet light exposure) can be distinguished via changes in material responses to hypervelocity impacts. The extent of these impacts are being visually and microscopically characterized using thermal control surfaces archived at NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) in order to determine the relationship between environment exposure and resulting ring sizes, delamination areas, and penetration diameters. The characterization of these affected areas will provide spacecraft system designers with the information they require to determine degradation of thermal control systems during satellite lifetimes.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, LDEF: 69 Months in Space. First Post-Retrieval Symposium, Part 1; p 583
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